{"id":12358,"date":"2025-03-23T20:21:20","date_gmt":"2025-03-23T12:21:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.shehuifa.com\/?p=12358"},"modified":"2025-11-13T13:55:27","modified_gmt":"2025-11-13T05:55:27","slug":"my-account-free_news","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/?p=12358","title":{"rendered":"\u8427\u5ef6\u4e2d\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\uff1f\u5982\u4f55\u57f9\u517b\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"color: 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\u3002\u7ed3\u5408\u8fd9\u4f4d\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u89e3\u7b54\uff0c\u6211\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4f53\u4f1a\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u786c\u8981\u76f4\u8bd1\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48probl\u00e9matique\u4e0e\u6c49\u8bed\u201c\u53ef\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u6210\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u201d\u6700\u4e3a\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u82f1\u8bed\u7684\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff08problem\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u5bf9\u5e94\u8bcd\u662f\u201c\u89e3\u51b3\u201d\uff08solved\uff09\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u4e86\uff08nothing\uff09\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff1b\u800cprobl\u00e9matique\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u5f80\u5f80\u610f\u5473\u7740\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u65f6\u601d\u8003\u5df2\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u539f\u6765\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u628a\u5b83\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7fa4\uff08\u4e1b\uff09\u201d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u5b66\u8005\u76f4\u63a5\u628a\u5b83\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u786e\u89e3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u6bd4\u8f83\u6587\u660e\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u672c\u6770\u660e\u00b7\u53f2\u534e\u6148\uff08Benjamin I. Schwartz\uff09\u6559\u6388\u662f\u628aprobl\u00e9matique\u5f15\u5165\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u8fa9\u7684\u59cb\u4f5c\u4fd1\u8005\uff0c\u81ea\u4ed6\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5c31\u9010\u6e10\u628a\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u770b\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u8def\u5f84\u548c\u5b66\u672f\u7d20\u517b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4e8b\u5148\u63d0\u9192\u4e00\u4e0b\uff0c\u6211\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u89c2\u5bdf\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u540e\u9762\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u8981\u7ed9\u51fa\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u81ea\u5df1\u5230\u6ca1\u6709\u4e13\u95e8\u5bf9\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u505a\u8fc7\u660e\u786e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5374\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5730\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e24\u5219\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u672c\u4eba\u7684\u539f\u59cb\u7528\u8bed\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f53\u4f1aprobl\u00e9matique\u7684\u5185\u5728\u542b\u4e49\u3002\u4e3a\u65b9\u4fbf\u8d77\u89c1\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u76f4\u63a5\u5f15\u51fa\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u539f\u6587\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u518d\u8bd5\u7740\u7528\u8bd1\u6587\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b1 \uff1a\u53f2\u534e\u61481982\u5e74\u53d1\u8868\u7684\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u300b\u7684\u4e66\u8bc4<\/p>\n<p>I shall not identify with those who are by now wearily inclined to dismiss the tradition\/modernity dichotomy entirely. Within the history of the Western world during the last 400 years there certainly have occurred developments in the realms of praxis and ideas which are unprecedented in human history and which have had a universal and, in some areas, &#8220;ineluctable&#8221; (to use a favorite term of the authors) effect on the world as a whole. I see no reason for not calling these developments &#8220;modern.&#8221; Yet when we examine the range of praxis, attitudes, ideas, and ideologies to which the label &#8220;modern&#8221; has been applied, we find little reason to regard modernity as a resolved state of affairs or a closed, integrated system. What the word refers to is not a structure but a problematique. \u201d[1]<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u8bd1\u53c2\u8003\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4e0d\u5927\u8ba4\u540c\u5f53\u4e0b\u4e0d\u538c\u5176\u70e6\u5730\u60f3\u5f7b\u5e95\u629b\u5f03\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\/\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u81f3\u5c11400\u4f59\u5e74\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u9886\u57df\u786e\u5b9e\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u89c2\u5ff5\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u662f\u53f2\u65e0\u524d\u4f8b\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u4e16\u6548\u5e94\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6548\u5e94\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u533a\u57df\u662f\u201c\u65e0\u6cd5\u9003\u907f\u7684\u201d\uff08\u7528\u4f5c\u8005\u4eec\u6240\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u8bf4\uff09\u3002\u6211\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u7531\u4e0d\u628a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d1\u5c55\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5f53\u8003\u5bdf\u5df2\u88ab\u63d2\u4e0a\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u6807\u7b7e\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u3001\u6001\u5ea6\u3001\u89c2\u5ff5\u548c\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7cfb\u5217\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u7406\u7531\u628a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u770b\u6210\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b8c\u7ed3\u4e86\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u88ab\u6574\u5408\u5b8c\u6bd5\u7684\u5c01\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5982\u82e5\u8981\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u6765\u8868\u8fbe\u8fd9\u4e00\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u6784\uff08structure\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u675f\u95ee\u9898\u4e1b\uff08problematique\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6bb5\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u610f\u601d\u662f\u5728\u8bf4\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\/\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u9053\u7406\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u7136\u800c\u201d\uff0c\u6ce8\u610f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8f6c\u6298\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u5176\u540e\u624d\u662f\u6b64\u6bb5\u8bed\u4e49\u7684\u91cd\u5fc3\u3002\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u7684\u6f5c\u542b\u4e49\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u76ee\u524d\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\/\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u7684\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u4f20\u7edf\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u843d\u540e\u201d\u76f8\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u5148\u8fdb\u201d\u76f8\u5e94\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fdb\u6b65\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5c31\u662f\u4ece\u201c\u843d\u540e\u201d\u53d1\u5c55\u5230\u201c\u5148\u8fdb\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u66fe\u6bd4\u55bb\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5c31\u50cf\u767b\u5c71\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u5c71\u811a\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5386\u5c3d\u8270\u8f9b\uff0c\u4e00\u6b65\u518d\u4e00\u6b65\u4e0d\u61c8\u5730\u5f80\u4e0a\u6500\u767b\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u5230\u8fbe\u4e0a\u9876\uff0c\u5f81\u670d\u4e86\u56f0\u82e6\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u5c31\u5982\u91ca\u91cd\u8d1f\uff0c\u653e\u773c\u671b\u53bb\uff0c\u8fbd\u9614\u65e0\u9645\uff0c\u4e00\u7247\u5149\u660e\uff0c\u4ece\u6b64\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6beb\u65e0\u5fe7\u8651\u5730\u5c3d\u4eab\u5e78\u798f\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u5c31\u662f\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u201c\u5b8c\u7ed3\u4e86\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5df2\u6574\u5408\u5b8c\u6bd5\u7684\u5c01\u95ed\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u7b14\u950b\u4e00\u8f6c\uff0c\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6240\u8c13\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u5b8c\u6210\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4ec5\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u4e00\u7247\u7965\u548c\u8f7b\u677e\u7684\u5c81\u6708\u9759\u597d\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6837\u7684\u65b0\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5982\uff0c\u4eba\u8981\u4e48\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u88ab\u6d41\u6c34\u4f5c\u4e1a\u4e4b\u751f\u4ea7\u7ebf\u80c1\u8feb\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u88ab\u7269\u6b32\u6ee1\u8db3\u6240\u8273\u4e3d\u5305\u88c5\u7684\u201c\u7126\u8651\u8eaf\u58f3\u201d\uff0c\u6574\u5929\u4f9d\u8d56\u6297\u6291\u90c1\u836f\u7269\u53bb\u6d88\u6563\u4e0e\u65e5\u4ff1\u589e\u7684\u65e0\u804a\u548c\u7a7a\u865a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u73b0\u4ee3\u75c5\u201d\u4e0e\u57fa\u4e8e\u8d2b\u56f0\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u66f4\u52a0\u4e0d\u53ef\u6551\u836f\u7684\u538b\u6291\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u624d\u8bf4\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u662f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u8fdb\u9000\u7ef4\u8c37\uff0c\u5de6\u53f3\u4e3a\u96be\uff0c\u5145\u6ee1\u6096\u8c2c\u548c\u4e00\u8a00\u96be\u5c3d\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u56f0\u5883\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86problematique \uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u628a\u5b83\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u4e00\u675f\u95ee\u9898\u4e1b\u201d\u3002\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u7591\u60d1\u3001\u7a98\u8feb\u3001\u7126\u8651\u3001\u65e0\u5948\u7b49\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5185\u5728\u5f20\u529b\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4ece\u7269\u8d28\u5230\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u4ece\u610f\u4e49\u5230\u4fe1\u4ef0\u65b9\u65b9\u9762\u9762\u7684\u590d\u6742\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u7528\u5355\u8c03\u6216\u5355\u7ebf\u601d\u7ef4\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u6240\u89e3\u51b3\u4e0d\u4e86\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u6b64\u5883\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u7ed9\u51fa\u67d0\u79cd\u73b0\u6210\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u800c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8fd9\u7c7b\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u611f\u540c\u8eab\u53d7\uff0c\u5982\u5750\u9488\u6be1\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u5730\u611f\u77e5\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5177\u6709\u4e86\u8f83\u654f\u611f\u7684\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b2\uff1a\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u300a\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e16\u754c\u300b\u8fd9\u90e8\u540d\u8457\u7684\u7b2c39\u81ea\u7136\u6bb5<\/p>\n<p>The historian of thought, unlike some cultural anthropologists, must, however, remain deeply suspicious of all efforts to provide the timeless unproblematic \u201c&#8217;keys\u201dto total cultures, keys leading to crude, global propositions of the form &#8220;Western culture is X and Chinese culture is Y&#8221;. The thought of ancient China does not provide single responses to the problems of ancient civilization any more than does the thought of ancient Greece. What emerge from the common cultural orientations of these civilizations in the axial age are not univocal responses but rather shared problematiques. When one descends from the level of total cultural orientations to the level of these problematiques, intercultural comparison becomes most exciting and most suggestive. The truth lies more often in the nuances than in the crude generalizations about global features of X culture or Y culture. It is on this level that, despite the unquestioned distance created by divergent larger cultural orientations, one discerns again the possibility of a kind of universal human discourse.[2]<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u8bd1\u53c2\u8003\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0e\u67d0\u4e9b\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e3a\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u65e0\u65f6\u95f4\u7ebf\u7d22\u7684\u3001\u8d85\u95ee\u9898\u60c5\u5883\uff08unproblematic\uff09\u7684\u201c\u5173\u952e\u7b54\u6848\u201d\uff08keys\uff09\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f97\u51fa\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u662fX \uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u662fY\u201d\u4e4b\u7c7b\u7c97\u7cd9\u4e14\u5927\u800c\u5316\u4e4b\u7684\u547d\u9898\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u6df1\u5207\u7684\u6000\u7591\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u5bf9\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u672a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e0c\u814a\u601d\u60f3\u5e76\u672a\u63d0\u4f9b\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u4e00\u6837\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8f74\u5fc3\u65f6\u4ee3\u6587\u660e\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6587\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\u6240\u5448\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u591a\u79cd\u5355\u4e00\u6027\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u5171\u540c\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u786e\u89e3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff08problematiques\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u4ece\u6e0a\u6e90\u4e8e\u6574\u4e2a\u6587\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u4e0b\u964d\uff08descends from \u2026 to \u2026\uff09\u5230\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\uff08problematiques\uff09\u7684\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\u65f6\uff0c\u8de8\u6587\u5316\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d8\u5f97\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u5174\u594b\uff0c\u4e5f\u6700\u5177\u542f\u53d1\u6027\u3002\u771f\u7406\u5f80\u5f80\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u7cbe\u5fae\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4e8eX\u6587\u5316\u548cY\u6587\u5316\u7684\u7b3c\u800c\u7edf\u4e4b\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u6027\u6982\u62ec\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4eba\u7c7b\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u7531\u5404\u79cd\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\u6240\u9020\u51fa\u7684\u8fc4\u4eca\u672a\u53d7\u8d28\u7591\u7684\u5dee\u8ddd\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c42\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53c8\u518d\u6b21\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u5efa\u7acb\u666e\u904d\u4eba\u7c7b\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u5e0c\u671b\u3002[3]<\/p>\n<p>\u8ddf\u524d\u9762\u90a3\u6bb5\u5f15\u6587\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bba\u8ff0\u51fa\u81ea\u5176\u540d\u8457\u300a\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e16\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u660e\u786e\u5730\u8ba8\u8bba\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0a\u9762\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u89e3\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u7d20\u517b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6b64\u5904\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u5c31\u5e94\u5f53\u653e\u5728\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u5bf9\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u7684 \u201c\u7528\u6cd5\u201d\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\u4e2d\uff0c\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u4e09\u6b21\u4f7f\u7528problematiques\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u662f\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e2d\u6587\u8bd1\u6587\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e00\u6b21\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u8d85\u95ee\u9898\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5931\u53bb\u95ee\u9898\u6027\u7684\u201d\uff08unproblematic\uff09\uff0c\u4e24\u6b21\u88ab\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u786e\u89e3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u548c\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u8981\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u628aproblematiques \u610f\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u786e\u89e3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u6797\u6bd3\u751f\u5148\u751f\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5c31\u4f1a\u8bb2\u5230\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u5bf9\u7406\u89e3\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u601d\u60f3\u771f\u53ef\u8c13\u6df1\u523b\u3001\u900f\u5f7b\uff0c\u5320\u5fc3\u72ec\u5177\uff0c\u5f97\u5e08\u771f\u4f20\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u628a\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u5206\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u662f\u201c\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\u201d\u5c42\u6b21\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5219\u662f\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u5c42\u6b21\u3002\u524d\u8005\u627f\u8ba4\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u660e\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\uff0c\u5982\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u6587\u660e\u5f3a\u8c03\u516c\u6c11\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\uff08X\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u5bb6\u201d\u4e43\u81f3\u201c\u65cf\u201d\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u6839\u57fa\u6027\u5730\u4f4d\uff08Y\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\u3002\u4f46\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u603b\u4f53\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u201c\u5185\u90e8\u201d\u6216\u201c\u4e0b\u9762\u201d\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5404\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u6587\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\u6240\u5171\u4eab\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u8fd9\u91cc\u201c\u5171\u4eab\u201d\u201c\u5171\u540c\u62e5\u6709\u201d\u662f\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5982\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u8fd8\u662f\u53e4\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u90fd\u65e0\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u8981\u9762\u5bf9\u8bf8\u5982\u751f\u8001\u75c5\u6b7b\uff0c\u7231\u6068\u6069\u4ec7\u4e4b\u7c7b\u4eba\u7c7b\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u6c38\u6052\u56f0\u60d1\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u548c\u5c06\u6765\uff0c\u4e00\u4ee3\u53c8\u4e00\u4ee3\u90fd\u4f1a\u91cd\u5ff5\u540c\u4e00\u9996\u7ecf\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6587\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u751a\u6216\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u5747\u4f1a\u5ff5\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u58f0\u8c03\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5473\u9053\uff0c\u7ed9\u51fa\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u8be0\u91ca\uff0c\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\uff0c\u4e94\u5f69\u7f24\u7eb7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u533a\u522b\u4e8e\u201c\u603b\u4f53\u6587\u5316\u5bfc\u5411\u201d\u7684\u3001\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u5185\u5728\u5f20\u529b\u548c\u4e94\u82b1\u516b\u95e8\u8be0\u91ca\u8def\u5f84\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u5c31\u662fproblematiques\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6bd4\u8f83\u6587\u660e\u53f2\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u610f\u5728\u505a\u201c\u8f74\u5fc3\u671f\u6587\u660e\u201d\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u9274\u4e8e\u8fd9\u91cc\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5173\u6ce8\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u3002\u56de\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u9898\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e24\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u6240\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u8bcd\u4e49\u5f88\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u5c31\u662fprobl\u00e9matique \u6240\u6307\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7ed9\u51faY \u6216N \u8fd9\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7b54\u6848\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u4e0b\u964d\u5230\u201d\uff08descends from \u2026 to 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concern\uff09\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7eaf\u6b63\u7684\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8c01\u90fd\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u201c\u97e6\u4f2f\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u6216\u201c\u94b1\u5b66\u68ee\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u6216\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u975e\u5e38\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u7edd\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e24\u53e5\u8bdd\u5c31\u8bf4\u5f97\u6e05\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5176\u7b54\u6848\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u591a\u5143\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u5bf9\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u53cd\u601d\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65e0\u7591\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u6781\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u6240\u60f3\u5230\u6216\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u591a\u4e48\u5177\u4f53\uff0c\u4f60\u4ed4\u7ec6\u60f3\u60f3\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5b83\u65e0\u8bba\u600e\u6837\u66f2\u6298\u548c\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u7ed5\u6765\u7ed5\u53bb\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u603b\u662f\u8ddf\u90a3\u4e9b\u6839\u57fa\u6027\u7684\u201c\u5927\u62c5\u5fe7\u201d\u53d1\u751f\u7275\u8fde\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u3002\u6797\u6bd3\u751f\u5148\u751f\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e00\u751f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u4e0e\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ca1\u80fd\u624e\u4e0b\u6839\u6765\u201d\u6709\u5173\u3002\u867d\u7136\u56de\u7b54\u548c\u8bba\u8bc1\u8fd9\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u9700\u8981\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u540d\u8457\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff1a\u201c\u4e94\u56db\u201d\u65f6\u671f\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b[5]\uff0c 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\u00a0[6] 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R. Levenson\uff09\u6559\u6388\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u540d\u8457\u300a\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u300b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u90a3\u4e00\u4ee3\u665a\u6674\u5b66\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u6df1\u6000\u91cd\u539a\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u53c8\u6298\u670d\u897f\u5b66\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u5728\u4ef7\u503c\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u7406\u667a\u65b9\u9762\u503e\u5411\u897f\u65b9\uff0c\u800c\u53d7\u5386\u53f2\u5236\u7ea6\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u65b9\u9762\u53c8\u4f9d\u604b\u56fd\u6545\uff0c\u81f4\u4f7f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fd9\u4e24\u5957\u601d\u7ef4\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u7075\u4e2d\u88ab\u6495\u88c2\u4e86\u201d\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u5728\u7406\u667a\u4e0a\u758f\u79bb\u800c\u5728\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u503e\u5411\u4ed6\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u201d\uff08\u201cintellectually alienated and emotionally tied to his tradition\u201d\uff09\u8fd9\u53e5\u8d2f\u4e32\u5217\u6587\u68ee\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u53e5\u5b66\u672f\u683c\u8a00\u3002[9]\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u7528\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u53e5\u8bdd\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6982\u51b5\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u201d\u3002\uff09\u867d\u7136\u5217\u6587\u68ee\u4e4b\u201c\u7406\u667a\u2014\u60c5\u611f\u201d\u4e8c\u5206\u6cd5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u5f0f\u53d7\u5230\u5f20\u704f\u7b49\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u4e25\u5cfb\u6311\u6218\uff0c[10] 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I. Schwartz, The Modernization of China. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 13, No. 1 \uff08summer, 1982\uff09, pp.188-189.<\/p>\n<p>[2]Benjamin I. Schwartz, The World of Thought in Ancient China, Harvard University Press, 1985, P. 14. \u4e2d\u8bd1\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u300a\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e16\u754c\u300b\uff0c\u7a0b\u94a2 \u8bd1\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2004\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c13\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u6b64\u8bd1\u6587\u53c2\u7167\u4e86\u6797\u6bd3\u751f\u5148\u751f\u7684\u8bd1\u672c\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u6797\u6bd3\u751f\u300a\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5b66\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u6c49\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8f91\uff0c\u201c\u53f2\u534e\u6148\u4e13\u8f91\u201d\uff0c\u7b2c33\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u53c2\u89c1\uff1a\u5b59\u6c5f\u300a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8be0\u91ca\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6c5f\u82cf\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b2018\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u6797\u6bd3\u751f\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff1a\u201c\u4e94\u56db\u201d\u65f6\u671f\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u53cd\u4f20\u7edf\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u987a\u4fbf\u8bf4\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u6851\u8001\u5e0850\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u671f\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u590d\u65e6\u5927\u5b66\u5386\u53f2\u7cfb\uff0c\u6ee1\u8179\u7ecf\u7eb6\u3002\u4ed6\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c2\u5bdf\u591c\u95f4\u661f\u8c61\u51c6\u786e\u63a8\u7b97\u51fa\u5f53\u65e5\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u9634\u5386\u65e5\u671f\uff0c\u5176\u677f\u4e66\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u6682\u5fd8\u5176\u4e66\u5199\u5185\u5bb9\u800c\u76f4\u5f84\u5730\u53bb\u6b23\u8d4f\u5176\u4e66\u6cd5\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u6211\u5e74\u9752\u6c42\u5b66\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u6211\u5fc3\u76ee\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u656c\u4f69\u7684 \u201c\u7f04\u9ed8\u5b66\u4eba\u201d\u30021990\u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u7ed9\u6211\u5904\u5206\u7684\u652f\u90e8\u4f1a\u8bae\u540e\uff0c\u4ed6\u6084\u6084\u5730\u585e\u7ed9\u6211\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u5c01\uff0c\u91cc\u9762\u88c5\u7740\u4ed6\u4ece\u5317\u5e08\u5927\u5218\u5e08\u57f9\u4eb2\u5c5e\u90a3\u91cc\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u51e0\u9875\u5218\u5e08\u57f9\u9057\u7a3f\u548c\u4ed6\u6574\u7406\u7684\u5218\u5e08\u57f9\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u8ff0\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u66fe\u8ddf\u4ed6\u8ba8\u6559\u8fc7\u6709\u5173\u5218\u5e08\u57f9\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u9644\u8bd7\u4e00\u9996\uff0c\u5927\u610f\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u591a\u591a\u4fdd\u91cd\uff0c\u201c\u7559\u5f97\u9752\u5c71\u5728\uff0c\u4e0d\u6015\u6ca1\u67f4\u70e7\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u540e\u6765\u6536\u5165\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\uff0c\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u94b1\u6c38\u7965\u300a\u7eb5\u6b32\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u60c5\u5883\u91cc\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f26\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c86-93\u9875\u3002\u8865\u6ce8\uff1a\u97e6\u4f2f\u300a\u5b66\u672f\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08\u8bd1\u81ea\u82f1\u8bed\uff09\uff0c\u51af\u514b\u5229\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c1998\u5e74\u7248\uff1b\u97e6\u4f2f\u300a\u5b66\u672f\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08\u8bd1\u81ea\u5fb7\u6587\u539f\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u960e\u514b\u6587\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2021\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u201cThe founder himself is seldom an academic philosopher bent on building a rigidly coherent system. More often than not\uff0che is simply a man seized with an overwhelming vision which he must proclaim. He is not necessarily concerned with the mutual consistency of all his utterances, and on many problems his thought maybe fruitfully ambiguous. There in may lie one of the secrets of his greatness.\u201d Some Polarities in Confucian Thought\uff0cIn David S. Nivison and Arthur F. Wright, eds. Confucianism in action, Stanford University Press, 1959. P. 51.<\/p>\n<p>[9]\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5217\u6587\u68ee\u300a\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u601d\u60f3\u300b\uff0c\u5218\u4f1f\u3001\u5218\u4e3d\u8bd1\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1986\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u5f20\u704f\u300a\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\uff081890-1907\uff09\u300b\uff081971\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248\uff09\uff0c\u5d14\u5fd7\u6d77\uff0c\u845b\u592b\u5e73\u8bd1\uff0c\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1995\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u6731\u5b66\u52e4\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u7684\u8986\u706d\u2014\u4ece\u5362\u68ad\u5230\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u5e87\u5c14\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c2003\u5e74\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[12]\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c\u7b2c10\u9875\u3002\u987e\u51c6:\u300a\u4ece\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5230\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97,1992\u5e746\u6708\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[13]\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u9648\u517c\u3001\u5218\u6636\u300a&lt;\u53eb\u9b42&gt;\u8bd1\u540e\u2014\u7ffb\u8bd1\u672d\u8bb0\u53ca\u82e5\u5e72\u968f\u60f3\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\uff0c\u5b54\u98de\u529b\u300a\u53eb\u9b42\uff1a1768\u5e74\u4e2d\u56fd\u5996\u672f\u5927\u6050\u614c\u300b\uff0c\u9648\u517c\u3001\u5218\u6636\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c2012\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c338-368\u9875\uff1b\u9648\u517c\u300a\u8ffd\u5fc6\u5b54\u98de\u529b\u300b\uff0c\u6f8e\u6e43\u65b0\u95fb?\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e66\u8bc4\uff0c2018-02-08\u300109\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[14]\u6797\u6bd3\u751f\u5148\u751f1994\u5e7412\u6708\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u5904\u8c08\u5230\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u53ca\u5b66\u672f\u8bba\u6587\u5199\u4f5c\u201c\u5fc5\u9700\u5177\u6709\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u2018\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u2019\u201d\u65f6\u8bf4\uff1a[\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u9762\u4e34\u4e00\u4e2a\u9009\u9898\u65f6]\u8981\u201c\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u754c\u5b9a\u5b83\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7a76\u7adf\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u7a76\u7adf\u6709\u591a\u5c11\uff1f\u5b83\u63d0\u51fa\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5207\u5b9e\u8003\u8651\u8fc7\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6761\u4ef6\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b83\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u5426\u8a00\u4e4b\u6210\u7406\uff1f\u201d\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u300a\u7565\u8c08\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u8bfb\u4e66\u300b\uff0c1995\u5e741\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[15]\u53c2\u9605\uff1a\u6731\u5b66\u52e4\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u60f3\u56fd\u7684\u8986\u706d\u2014\u4ece\u5362\u68ad\u5230\u7f57\u4f2f\u65af\u5e87\u5c14\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c2003\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c12\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[16]\u540c\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[17]\u6ce8\u610f\uff1adeconstruction\u4e2d\u7684struction\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5177\u6709education\u548cpedagogy\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u57f9\u517b\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u800ccon\u5219\u6709\u201c\u9ed8\u8bb0\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5construction\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u6216\u201c\u51dd\u56fa\u201d\uff0c\u5c31\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5341\u5206\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u5b57\u773c\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u8427\u5ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u534e\u4e1c\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u5b66\u9662\u8363\u4f11\u6559\u6388\u3002\u672c\u6587\u662f2018\u5e74\u6625\u5b63\u4f5c\u8005\u4e3a\u534e\u4e1c\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7cfb\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u5f00\u8bbe\u300a\u5982\u4f55 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