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f5\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u6211\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u201c\u6309\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5b9e\u65bd\u5c31\u4e1a\u201d\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u73b0\u72b6\u53ca\u5176\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u5c71\u4e4b\u77f3\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u653b\u7389\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u3001\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u4e0e\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fc3\u8fdb<\/p>\n<p>1964\u5e74\u300a\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7b2c7\u7ae0\uff08Title \u2166 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964\uff09\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u6bd4\u8f83\u5168\u9762\u7981\u6b62\u96c7\u7528\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u8be5\u6cd5\u7981\u6b62\u57fa\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u80a4\u8272\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u6027\u522b\u6216\u56fd\u7c4d\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u300a\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7b2c703\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u4e0b\u5217\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u80a4\u8272\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u6027\u522b\u6216\u56fd\u7c4d\uff0c\u800c\u6ca1\u6709\u6216\u8005\u62d2\u7edd\u96c7\u7528\u6216\u8005\u89e3\u96c7\u96c7\u5458\u6216\u8005\u5728\u96c7\u7528\u7684\u5de5\u8d44\u3001\u671f\u9650\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u6743\u5229\uff08privilege\uff09\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u6b67\u89c6\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u96c7\u5458\u6216\u8005\u6c42\u804c\u8005\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u80a4\u8272\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u3001\u6027\u522b\u6216\u56fd\u7c4d\u800c\u4ee5\u5265\u593a\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u5265\u593a\u96c7\u5458\u6216\u6c42\u804c\u8005\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5229\u4e8e\u5176\u96c7\u5458\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5bf9\u5176\u5c31\u4e1a\u8fdb\u884c\u9650\u5236\u3001\u9694\u79bb\u6216\u8005\u533a\u5206\uff08classify\uff09 .[1]\u5c3d\u7ba1\u300a\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u6cd5\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6d89\u53ca\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u4ee5\u53ca\u57fa\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u7531\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5e74\u9f84\u7b49\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u4f46\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u6267\u884c\u673a\u6784\u548c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u53d7\u5bb3\u4eba\u7684\u6551\u6d4e\u540c\u6837\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u573a\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1973\u5e74\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Rehabilitation Act of 1973\uff09\u662f\u4fdd\u969c\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6743\u76ca\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u88ab\u8bb8\u591a\u5dde\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u88ab\u5176\u540e\u76841990\u5e74\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u6240\u91c7\u7eb3\u3002\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u4e5f\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u53cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u8f83\u7a84\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u673a\u6784\u3002\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c501\u6761\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8054\u90a6\u90e8\u95e8\u3001\u673a\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6267\u884c\u673a\u6784\uff08instrumentality\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u96c7\u7528\u3001\u5b89\u6392\u3001\u664b\u5347\u201d\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f97\u6b67\u89c6\u5e76\u5e94\u5c3d\u5230\u201c\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\uff08reasonable accommodation\uff09\u201d\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\uff0c\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u6276\u6301\u6027\u884c\u52a8\uff08affirmative action\uff09\u201d\u3002[2]\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c503\u6761\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u8054\u90a6\u90e8\u95e8\u6216\u8005\u673a\u6784\u5728\u4e0e\u5bf9\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u8ba2\u7acb\u6807\u7684\u8d85\u8fc710000\u7f8e\u5143\u7684\u5408\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5408\u540c\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\uff1a\u5bf9\u65b9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u5728\u96c7\u7528\u4eba\u5458\u5c65\u884c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5408\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u91c7\u53d6\u201c\u80af\u5b9a\u6027\u884c\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u96c7\u7528\u3001\u664b\u5347\u201c\u9002\u683c\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\uff08qualified individuals with disabilities\uff09\u201d\u3002[3]\u8054\u90a6\u52b3\u5de5\u90e8\u4e0b\u5c5e\u7684\u201c\u8054\u90a6\u5408\u540c\u5408\u89c4\u9879\u76ee\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff08Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs\uff0c OFCCP\uff09\u201d\u8d1f\u8d23\u6267\u884c\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c503\u6761\u3002OFCCP\u5728\u6267\u884c\u7b2c503\u6761\u65f6\u6709\u6743\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u963b\u6b62\u652f\u4ed8\u5408\u540c\u7684\u6b3e\u9879\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u7ec8\u6b62\u5408\u540c\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u7981\u6b62\u5408\u540c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u672a\u6765\u518d\u8ba2\u7acb\u5408\u540c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\uff0c\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u52b3\u5de5\u90e8\u83b7\u5f97\u884c\u653f\u6551\u6d4e\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u660e\u793a\u6216\u8005\u9ed8\u793a\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u8bc9\u6743\u3002[4]\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c504\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u201c\u9002\u683c\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u201d\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u4e0d\u56e0\u5176\u6b8b\u75be\uff0c\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u63a5\u53d7\u8054\u90a6\u8d22\u653f\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6216\u8005\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\uff081\uff09\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u53c2\u4e0e\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u88ab\u5265\u593a\u83b7\u76ca\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u89c6\u3002[5]\u201c\u53d7\u8054\u90a6\u8d44\u52a9\u8005\u201d\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u673a\u6784\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a5\u53d7\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u516c\u53f8\u3001\u5408\u4f19\u4f01\u4e1a\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u79c1\u4eba\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b49\u673a\u6784\u3002[6]\u76f8\u6bd4\u7b2c503\u6761\uff0c\u7b2c504\u6761\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u63a5\u53d7\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u4f4e\u8d44\u52a9\u91d1\u989d\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u89c4\u5236\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u516c\u5171\u90e8\u95e8\uff0c\u5373\u8054\u90a6\u90e8\u95e8\u3001\u8054\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\u91c7\u8d2d\u5408\u540c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u8054\u90a6\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u9488\u5bf9\u666e\u901a\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u8f83\u7a84\u3002\u4f46\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u4e5f\u6709\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u96c7\u5458\u8d85\u8fc715\u4eba\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u96c7\u4e3b\uff0c\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u5219\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1b\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5728\u4e3e\u8bc1\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f9d\u636e\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u8bc1\u660e\u201c\u6b67\u89c6\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u201c\u52a8\u673a\u56e0\u7d20\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4f9d\u636e\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u65e0\u9700\u8bc1\u660e\u8be5\u56e0\u7d20\u3002[7]\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u9488\u5bf9\u653f\u5e9c\u90e8\u95e8\u548c\u79c1\u4eba\u90e8\u95e8\u5206\u522b\u9002\u7528\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u4e49\u52a1\u6807\u51c6\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u5728\u4fdd\u969c\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u7684\u5c31\u4e1a\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u6784\u5e94\u4e3a\u79c1\u4eba\u90e8\u95e8\u6811\u7acb\u699c\u6837\uff0c\u5e76\u627f\u62c5\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\u503c\u5f97\u63d0\u5021\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u3001\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u4e0e\u53cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6<\/p>\n<p>1990\u5e74\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\uff08ADA\uff09\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u7981\u6b62\u5c31\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u6b67\u89c6\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u7528\u4e13\u7ae0\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u5c31\u4e1a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u662f\u53cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u5728\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u5236\u5b9a\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u7ea6\u67094300\u4e07\u8eab\u4f53\u6216\u8005\u7cbe\u795e\u6b8b\u969c\u7684\u4eba[8]\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6820\u4e07\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u83b7\u5f97\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7684\u53cd\u79c1\u4eba\u90e8\u95e8\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002[9]\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u5171\u4e94\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u662f\u5173\u4e8e\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8be5\u6cd5\u8bb8\u591a\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u6bd4\u8f83\u5bbd\u6cdb\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5b9e\u65bd\u8be5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u8bb8\u591a\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6848\u4ef6\u90fd\u4e0a\u8bc9\u5230\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08Equal Employment Opportunity Commission\uff0c EEOC\uff09\u201d\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u201c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u89c4\u7ae0\u201d\u548c\u201c\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u6307\u5357\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u89c4\u7ae0\u6216\u8005\u6307\u5357\u3002[10]<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u96c7\u752815\u540d\u96c7\u5458\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u96c7\u4e3b\u3002\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u6700\u4f4e\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u9650\u5236\u548c1964\u5e74\u300a\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u96c7\u752815\u540d\u96c7\u5458\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u56fe\u5e94\u548c\u300a\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u4eba\u6570\u7684\u9650\u5236\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5373\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u8054\u90a6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bf9\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u9020\u6210\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u5c0f\u4f01\u4e1a\u7ecf\u5e38\u96c7\u7528\u540c\u79cd\u65cf\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u6216\u4eb2\u621a\u3002[11]\u9664\u4e86\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u79c1\u4eba\u90e8\u95e8\u7684\u96c7\u4e3b\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5dde\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u96c7\u4e3b\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u3002\u8054\u90a6\u96c7\u5458\u4e0d\u53d7\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e0a\u8ff0\u7684\u300a\u5eb7\u590d\u6cd5\u300b\u3002\u4f46\u4f9d\u636e\u5224\u4f8b\uff0c\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5f97\u5bf9\u5dde\u63d0\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bbc\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c11\u4fee\u6b63\u6848\u7981\u6b62\u5dde\u96c7\u5458\u63d0\u8d77\u8981\u6c42\u91d1\u94b1\u8d54\u507f\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002[12] \u5c3d\u7ba1\u8be5\u6cd5\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u96c7\u752815\u540d\u96c7\u5458\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u96c7\u4e3b\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u96c7\u7528\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u96c7\u5458\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u52a0\u91cd\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u8d1f\u62c5\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728\u9700\u8981\u96c7\u4e3b\u5c3d\u201c\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u201d\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u65f6\u4f1a\u52a0\u91cd\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u7528\u5de5\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c06\u8be5\u6cd5\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u89c4\u6a21\u5927\u7684\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e5f\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5c31\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u662f\u96c7\u5458\uff0c\u4f46\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u4e8b\u7531\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u3001\u5e74\u9f84\u6b67\u89c6\u7b49\uff09\uff0c\u5bf9\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u8303\u56f4\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c3d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u53cd\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u573a\u5408\uff0c\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u4e5f\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u5728Clackamas Gastroenterology Associates v. Wells\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u5408\u4f19\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u5c5e\u4e8e\u96c7\u5458\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u770b\u8be5\u5408\u4f19\u4eba\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u7ecf\u8425\u5e76\u7ba1\u7406\u4e1a\u52a1\u8fd8\u662f\u53d7\u5230\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u5408\u4f19\u4eba\u53d7\u5230\u4f01\u4e1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u8be5\u5408\u4f19\u4eba\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u96c7\u5458\uff0c\u53d7\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002[13]\u540c\u6837\u7684\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u95ed\u9501\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u80a1\u4e1c\u517c\u8463\u4e8b\u662f\u5426\u5e94\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u96c7\u5458\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8003\u5bdf\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u8be5\u8463\u4e8b\u662f\u5426\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e86\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u96c7\u5458\u901a\u5e38\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u8be5\u8463\u4e8b\u662f\u5426\u7ecf\u5e38\u7684\u53d7\u96c7\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u6784\uff1b\uff083\uff09\u8be5\u8463\u4e8b\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u5411\u516c\u53f8\u4e2d\u804c\u4f4d\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4eba\u62a5\u544a\u3002[14]\u6cd5\u9662\u901a\u5e38\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5408\u540c\u8ba2\u7acb\u8005\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u96c7\u5458\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u8be5\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u6d89\u53ca\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e0d\u5f97\u5728\u6d89\u53ca\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7533\u8bf7\u7a0b\u5e8f\u201d\u3001\u201c\u96c7\u7528\u201d\u3001\u201c\u664b\u5347\u201d\u3001\u201c\u89e3\u96c7\u96c7\u5458\u201d\u3001\u201c\u96c7\u5458\u85aa\u916c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u57f9\u8bad\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u201c\u5176\u4ed6\u96c7\u7528\u6761\u6b3e\u3001\u6761\u4ef6\u6216\u8005\u6743\u5229\uff08privileges\uff09\u201d\u65f6\u5bf9\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5b9e\u65bd\u6b67\u89c6\u3002[15]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u73af\u8282\u770b\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u51e0\u4e4e\u6d89\u53ca\u4e86\u96c7\u7528\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6240\u6709\u73af\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5224\u65ad\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6807\u51c6<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u5982\u679c\u8981\u83b7\u5f97\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u9002\u683c\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u539f\u544a\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u96c7\u4e3b\u201c\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u6216\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u6210\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u3002[16]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u6b8b\u75be\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u96c7\u4e3b\u884c\u4e3a\u662f\u5426\u6784\u6210\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e0b\u8be6\u6790\u4e4b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1.\u6b8b\u75be<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u6b8b\u75be\u6307\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\uff08A\uff09\u5728\u8eab\u4f53\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u5b58\u5728\u635f\u4f24\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u635f\u4f24\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u6216\u591a\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\uff1b\u6216<\/p>\n<p>\uff08B\uff09\u6709\u8be5\u635f\u4f24\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\uff1b\u6216<\/p>\n<p>\uff08C\uff09\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u8be5\u635f\u4f24\u7684\u3002[17]<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4fdd\u62a4\u5b9e\u9645\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4eba\u6709\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u65e2\u4f7f\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u5df2\u4e0d\u590d\u5b58\u5728\u6216\u8005\u4ee5\u5f80\u7684\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u662f\u88ab\u9519\u8bef\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u635f\u4f24\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d7\u5230\u8be5\u6cd5\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002[18]\u800c\u4e14\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4eba\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u8be5\u79cd\u635f\u4f24\u7684\uff0c\u5373\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u53d7\u8be5\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u8be5\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\uff1a\uff081\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u8eab\u4f53\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u635f\u4f24\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u635f\u4f24\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u88ab\u96c7\u4e3b\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\uff1b\uff082\uff09\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u6216\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u635f\u4f24\u662f\u201c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u4eb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qualified individual\uff09\u548c\u96c7\u4e3b\u77e5\u6653\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5b58\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u4e1a\u52a1\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u5173\u7cfb\u6216\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u6392\u9664\u3001\u62d2\u7edd\u7ed9\u4e88\u8be5\u9002\u683c\u7684\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u5de5\u4f5c\u6216\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u5176\u5b9e\u65bd\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\uff0c\u8be5\u884c\u4e3a\u5c5e\u8fdd\u6cd5\u884c\u4e3a\u3002[21]<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u5b9e\u9645\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u8eab\u4f53\u6216\u8005\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\uff0c\u4e14\u8fd9\u79cd\u635f\u4f24\u201c\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u201d \u4e86\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u662f\u6b8b\u75be\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5173\u952e\u8bcd\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u5c06\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u8005\u72b6\u51b5\u660e\u786e\u6392\u9664\u5728\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u540c\u6027\u604b\u3001 \u53cc\u6027\u604b\u3001 \u5f02\u6027\u88c5\u626e\u7656\u3001 \u604b\u7ae5\u7656\u3001\u53d8\u6027\u7656\u3001 \u66b4\u9732\u7656\u7b49\u4e0e\u6027\u6709\u5173\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5f3a\u8feb\u6027\u7684\u8d4c\u535a\u75c7\u3001\u76d7\u7a83\u7656\u3001\u653e\u706b\u7656\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u4e8e\u98df\u7528\u975e\u6cd5\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u7528\u54c1\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u9519\u4e71\u4e5f\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e4b\u5916\u3002[22]\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u201c\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u5305\u62ec\u201c\u7167\u987e\u81ea\u5df1\u3001\u4ece\u4e8b\u624b\u5de5\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3001\u884c\u8d70\u3001\u770b\u3001\u542c\u3001\u8bf4\u3001\u547c\u5438\u3001\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d[23].\u539f\u544a\u5982\u679c\u4e3b\u5f20\u635f\u4f24\u5bf9\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u9020\u6210\u4e25\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u901a\u5e38\u8981\u6c42\u539f\u544a\u63d0\u4f9b\u6bd4\u8f83\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u8bc1\u660e\u539f\u544a\u53d7\u5230\u7684\u9650\u5236\u548c\u666e\u901a\u5927\u4f17\u76f8\u6bd4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u4f55\u4e3a\u201c\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u89c4\u7ae0\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u662f\u5426\u201c\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u201d\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u5982\u4e0b\u56e0\u7d20\uff1a\u635f\u4f24\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u4e25\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u635f\u4f24\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u6216\u8005\u9884\u671f\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u65f6\u95f4\u4ee5\u53ca\u8be5\u635f\u4f24\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u6216\u957f\u671f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u6216\u8005\u9884\u671f\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u6216\u957f\u671f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[24]<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u5173\u4e8e\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5bf9\u6b8b\u75be\u505a\u51fa\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5224\u65ad\u67d0\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u6784\u6210\u6b8b\u75be\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u51b3\u51b3\u5b9a\u3002\u5728Sutton v. United Air Lines\uff0c Inc.\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u5b6a\u751f\u59d0\u59b9\u7531\u4e8e\u672a\u77eb\u6b63\u7684\u89c6\u529b\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u62d2\u7edd\u5979\u4eec\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u53f8\u7684\u98de\u884c\u5458\u3002\u5728\u5b6a\u751f\u59d0\u59b9\u4f9d\u636e\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u63d0\u51fa\u8bc9\u8bbc\u65f6\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u8fa9\u79f0\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u5728\u201c\u51cf\u8f7b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff08mitigated state\uff09\u201d\u4e0b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u635f\u4f24\u3002\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u7eb3\u201c\u5e73\u7b49\u5c31\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u5e94\u5f53\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u51cf\u8f7b\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u8003\u8651\u201d\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3b\u5f20\u6cd5\u9662\u5e94\u5f53\u8003\u8651\u773c\u955c\u5bf9\u5979\u4eec\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002[25]\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u7acb\u573a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u635f\u4f24\u5982\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6cbb\u7597\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u63aa\u65bd\u51cf\u8f7b\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u6ee1\u8db3\u201c\u6b8b\u75be\u201d\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5927\u5927\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5224\u4f8b\u5f15\u8d77\u5de8\u5927\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u8457\u540d\u7684Bragdon v. Abbott\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u7259\u79d1\u8bca\u6240\u62d2\u7edd\u4e3a\u4e00\u540dHIV\u5448\u9633\u6027\u4f46\u65e0\u75c7\u72b6\u7684\u5973\u6027\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\u3002\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u544a\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u662f\u5426\u7b26\u5408\u6b8b\u75be\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f88\u591a\u4e0b\u7ea7\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\u611f\u67d3HIV\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e25\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3aHIV\u5448\u9633\u6027\u5bf9\u539f\u544a\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u2014\u2014\u751f\u6b96\u9020\u6210\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u53d7\u5230\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u3002[26]\u6000\u5b55\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u76f8\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u4e0d\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6b8b\u75be\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5de5\u4f5c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e8b\u67d0\u4e00\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u5426\u6784\u6210\u6b8b\u75be\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u8457\u540d\u7684Toyota Motor Manufacturing\uff0c Kentucky\uff0c Inc. v. Williams\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d[27]\uff0c\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u89e3\u51b3\u4e86\u4f55\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e94\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5de5\u4f5c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u8155\u7ba1\u7efc\u5408\u75c7\uff0c\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e0e\u5176\u5de5\u4f5c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u624b\u5de5\u4efb\u52a1\u5e76\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u5bf9\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\uff08\u5de5\u4f5c\uff09\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u5fc5\u987b\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5b9a\uff0c\u53ea\u8bc1\u660e\u635f\u4f24\u4f7f\u4e2a\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e8b\u5176\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u4e0d\u591f\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4ece\u4e8b\u624b\u5de5\u4efb\u52a1\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u539f\u544a\u662f\u5426\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e0e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u539f\u544a\u662f\u5426\u4ec5\u4ec5\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ece\u4e8b\u4e0e\u5176\u7279\u5b9a\u5de5\u4f5c\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002[28]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u4ee5\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u4e25\u91cd\u53d7\u9650\u4e3a\u7531\u4e3b\u5f20\u53d7\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u7684\u4fdd\u62a4\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5f88\u96be\u5f97\u5230\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002Toyota Motor Manufacturing\uff0c Kentucky\uff0c Inc. v. Williams\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u8be5\u6848\u4f8b\u6307\u660e\u4e86\u201c\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u201d\u8fd9\u4e00\u6b8b\u75be\u6982\u5ff5\u6838\u5fc3\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9664\u4e86\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u635f\u4f24\u8bb0\u5f55\u201d\u548c\u201c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u7684\u573a\u5408\u4e0b\uff0c\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u7b26\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5373\u5b58\u5728\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u4ee5\u53ca\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u201c\u635f\u4f24\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ece\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5bf9\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6211\u56fd\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4ee5\u53ca\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u663e\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u5b9a\u65b9\u5f0f\u66f4\u5177\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u573a\u5408\u7531\u4e8e\u6cd5\u9662\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u968f\u5730\u6839\u636e\u60c5\u51b5\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u505a\u51fa\u88c1\u51b3\uff0c\u5bf9\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u66f4\u4e3a\u6709\u5229\u3002\u800c\u6211\u56fd\u5219\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u8ba4\u5b9a\u6b8b\u75be\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002[29]\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4f53\u5236\u6210\u672c\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u5b58\u5728\u9519\u8bef\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u968f\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u63a8\u79fb\uff0c\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u6b8b\u75be\u4ee5\u53ca\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u53ef\u80fd\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u6280\u548c\u533b\u7597\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u548c\u533b\u836f\u54c1\u79cd\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u5f39\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5728\u4fdd\u7559\u6211\u56fd\u73b0\u6709\u6b8b\u75be\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u4f3c\u5e94\u8d4b\u4e88\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u4e0d\u670d\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u6551\u6d4e\u6743\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u672a\u7ecf\u884c\u653f\u673a\u5173\u8ba4\u5b9a\u6b8b\u75be\uff0c\u800c\u63d0\u8d77\u906d\u53d7\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u8bc9\u8bbc\u91cc\uff0c\u5e94\u7531\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u5b9a\u5f53\u4e8b\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u6b8b\u75be\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2.\u201c\u9002\u683c\u201d\u7684\u6807\u51c6<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u7981\u6b62\u5bf9\u201c\u9002\u683c\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u201d\u5b9e\u65bd\u6b67\u89c6\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u9002\u683c\u201d\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u6807\u51c6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8be5\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u201c\u9002\u683c\u201d\u6307\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5728\u96c7\u4e3b\u201c\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u6216\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u6210\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u3002[30]\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u6210\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u5224\u65ad\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u201c\u9002\u683c\u201d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5728\u5224\u65ad\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u201c\u9002\u683c\u201d\u65f6\uff0c\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u53ea\u9700\u80fd\u591f\u5b8c\u6210\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u201c\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u5373\u53ef\uff0c\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u201c\u6b21\u8981\u201d \u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u59a8\u788d\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u7684\u9002\u683c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u96c7\u4e3b\u62d2\u7edd\u4e00\u540d\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u7684\u96c7\u5458\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u5e76\u4e0d\u8fdd\u6cd5\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u96c7\u5458\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4e0d\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u975e\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\u6216\u8005\u975e\u91cd\u8981\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u5219\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e0d\u80fd\u62d2\u7edd\u96c7\u7528\u8be5\u96c7\u5458\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u573a\u5408\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u5de5\u4f5c\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\u201d\u7684\u8ba4\u5b9a\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u96c7\u5458\u662f\u5426\u9002\u683c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u5224\u65ad\u67d0\u4e00\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u5426\u662f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\u9700\u8981\u8003\u8651\u96c7\u5458\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u6b64\u9879\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u8be5\u5185\u5bb9\u5bf9\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u96c7\u5458\u662f\u5426\u80dc\u4efb\u67d0\u4e00\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\u4e2a\u6848\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u96c7\u5458\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002[31]\u201c\u5982\u679c\u96c7\u4e3b\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u5e7f\u544a\u6216\u9762\u8bd5\u7533\u8bf7\u4eba\u4e4b\u524d\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u8be5\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e66\u9762\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u63cf\u8ff0\u5e94\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8be5\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u201d[32]\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bc1\u636e\u662f\u5426\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6700\u7ec8\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u4ecd\u770b\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u7acb\u573a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728Deane v. Pocono Medical Center\u4e00\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u539f\u544aDeane\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u6ce8\u518c\u62a4\u58eb\uff0c\u5728\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u53f3\u624b\u8155\u53d7\u4f24\u540e\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u62ff\u8d77\u8d85\u8fc715-20\u78c5\u7684\u7269\u54c1\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ece\u4e8b\u91cd\u590d\u6027\u7684\u624b\u5de5\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8bf8\u5982\u6253\u5b57\uff0c\u4f46\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e8b\u5176\u4ed6\u8f83\u8f7b\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5f53\u539f\u544a\u6253\u7b97\u7ee7\u7eed\u56de\u5230\u533b\u9662\u4ece\u4e8b\u6ce8\u518c\u62a4\u58eb\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u533b\u9662\u4ee5\u539f\u544a\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u72b6\u51b5\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u62a4\u58eb\u5c97\u4f4d\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4e3a\u7531\uff0c\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u539f\u544a\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u3002\u539f\u544a\u6839\u636e\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u63d0\u8d77\u8bc9\u8bbc\u3002\u5728\u8be5\u6848\u4e2d\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e\u5979\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4e8b\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u80dc\u8bc9\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u539f\u544a\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u201c\u4e3e\u8d77\u91cd\u7269\u201d\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u62a4\u58eb\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5173\u952e\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u62a4\u58eb\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u6280\u80fd\u3001\u667a\u529b\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u539f\u544a\u4e5f\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u4e3e\u8d77\u201d\u4e5f\u662f\u62a4\u58eb\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4f46\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u53ea\u662f\u62a4\u58eb\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u804c\u4e1a\u4e13\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u804c\u4e1a\u4e13\u5bb6\u5f15\u7528\u52b3\u5de5\u90e8\u201c\u804c\u4e1a\u540d\u79f0\u5de5\u4f5c\u63cf\u8ff0\u5b57\u5178\uff08Dictionary of Occupational Titles Job 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\u201c\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u201d\u4e4b\u201c\u5408\u7406\u201d\u548c\u201c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u56f0\u96be\u201d\u4e4b\u201c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u201d\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u53ea\u80fd\u4ece\u5224\u4f8b\u4e2d\u5bfb\u6c42\u7b54\u6848\u3002\u5728Vande Zande v. State of Wisconsin Department of Administration\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d[42]\uff0c\u9996\u5e2d\u6cd5\u5b98\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u201c\u8c03\u9002\u201d\u7684\u542b\u4e49\u975e\u5e38\u6e05\u695a\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u5fc5\u987b\u8003\u8651\u5bf9\u5176\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u8bbe\u65bd\u3001\u671f\u9650\u4ee5\u53ca\u6761\u4ef6\u505a\u51fa\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u96be\u70b9\u5728\u4e8e\u4f55\u4e3a\u201c\u5408\u7406\u201d\u3002\u201c\u5408\u7406\u201d\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6bd4\u201c\u6700\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u201d\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u4f4e\uff0c\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u6709\u5173\u201c\u758f\u5ffd\u201d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5408\u7406\u6ce8\u610f\u201d\u7684\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5176\u6ce8\u610f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f4e\u4e8e\u201c\u6700\u5927\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u201d\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8003\u8651\u8c03\u9002\u662f\u5426\u201c\u5408\u7406\u201d\u65f6\u8003\u8651\u6210\u672c\u662f\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u6210\u672c\u4e0d\u5e94\u548c\u8c03\u9002\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u597d\u5904\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u96c7\u4e3b\u5982\u4f55\u5f3a\u5927\u6216\u5982\u4f55\u5177\u6709\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b9e\u529b\u3002\u201c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u56f0\u96be\u201d\u6307\u67d0\u9879\u884c\u52a8\u9020\u6210\u201c\u91cd\u5927\u56f0\u96be\u6216\u8005\u82b1\u9500\u201d\u3002[43]\u201c\u8fc7\u5ea6\u201d\uff0c\u5e94\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8c03\u9002\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u597d\u5904\u4ee5\u53ca\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u96c7\u5458\u5fc5\u987b\u4ece\u6210\u672c\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u548c\u6bd4\u4f8b\u6027\uff08efficacious and proportionate\uff09\u6765\u8868\u660e\u8c03\u9002\u662f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8868\u9762\u8bc1\u636e\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u8bc1\u660e\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u6210\u672c\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8c03\u9002\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u597d\u5904\u6216\u8005\u96c7\u4e3b\u8d22\u52a1\u7684\u7ef4\u6301\u6216\u5065\u5eb7\u662f\u8fc7\u9ad8\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u6765\u8868\u660e\u8c03\u9002\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728Vande Zande v. State of Wisconsin Department of Administration\u4e2d\uff0c\u539f\u544aVande\uff0c35\u5c81\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u810a\u9ad3\u80bf\u7624\uff0c\u8170\u90e8\u4ee5\u4e0b\u762b\u75ea\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u53d1\u751f\u6e83\u75a1\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u7ecf\u5e38\u5446\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6570\u5468\u63a5\u53d7\u6cbb\u7597\u3002\u539f\u544a\u5728\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u4f4f\u623f\u90e8\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u9879\u76ee\u52a9\u7406\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u4ece\u4e8b\u79d8\u4e66\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4f7f\u5979\u53ef\u4ee5\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u9488\u5bf9\u5979\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\u505a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u8c03\u9002\u3002\u4f46\u539f\u544a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u88ab\u544a\u5728\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u5f97\u4e0d\u591f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u539f\u544a\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u5bb6\u4ece\u4e8b\u5168\u804c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5982\u679c\u88ab\u544a\u4e3a\u5979\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u53f0\u5f0f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\uff0c\u5979\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5bb6\u4e2d\u4ece\u4e8b\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5de5\u4f5c\u9700\u8981\u56e2\u961f\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u76d1\u7763\uff0c\u5728\u5bb6\u529e\u516c\u76f8\u6bd4\u76d1\u7763\u4e4b\u4e0b\u7684\u56e2\u961f\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u8d28\u91cf\u4f1a\u6709\u660e\u663e\u4e0b\u964d\u3002\u4f9d\u7167\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u5141\u8bb8\u539f\u544a\u5728\u5bb6\u529e\u516c\uff0c\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3a\u5176\u5b89\u88c5\u7535\u8111\u3002\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u9879\u8bf7\u6c42\u4e0e\u88ab\u544a\u529e\u516c\u697c\u7684\u53a8\u623f\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6709\u5173\u3002\u88ab\u544a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u6240\u6709\u53a8\u623f\u91cc\u7684\u6c34\u6c60\u548c\u67dc\u53f0\u90fd\u662f36\u82f1\u5bf8\u9ad8\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u4e8e\u505a\u8f6e\u6905\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\u8fc7\u9ad8\u3002\u5f53\u539f\u544a\u62b1\u6028\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u65f6\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u62d2\u7edd\u4fee\u6539\u6c34\u6c60\u548c\u67dc\u53f0\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4f46\u627f\u8bfa\u5728\u539f\u544a\u529e\u516c\u7684\u697c\u5c42\u7684\u53a8\u623f\u91cc\u5b89\u88c5\u4e00\u4e2a34\u82f1\u5bf8\u7684\u6401\u677f\uff0c\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u67dc\u53f0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u6c34\u6c60\uff0c\u88ab\u544a\u8ba4\u4e3a\u539f\u544a\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u6d74\u5ba4\u91cc34\u82f1\u5bf8\u9ad8\u7684\u6c34\u6c60\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u62d2\u7edd\u6539\u9020\u6c34\u6c60\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u8ba4\u4e3a\u96c7\u4e3b\u6ca1\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u4e3a\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u548c\u975e\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u7edd\u5bf9\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u96c7\u4e3b\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u9700\u652f\u4ed8\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u8d39\u7528\u3002\u6cd5\u5b98\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\uff1a\u5f53\u96c7\u5458\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u6c34\u6c60\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u65b9\u4fbf\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u6ca1\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u4f7f\u5176\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u67d0\u4e00\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6c34\u6c60\u3002\u5f53\u96c7\u4e3b\u5c3d\u4e86\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6b8b\u75be\u96c7\u5458\u76f8\u5f53\u8212\u670d\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e5f\u5c31\u5c3d\u4e86\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u4e86\u3002[44]<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u201d\u662f\u53cd\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u7279\u6709\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u83b7\u5f97\u5e73\u7b49\u5f85\u9047\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u7684\u4e49\u52a1\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u4ee5\u4eba\u6743\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u7684\u6d88\u9664\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\u89c6\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u65b0\u8fd1\u56fd\u5bb6\u7acb\u6cd5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e49\u52a1\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff1a\u53ea\u6709\u4e3a\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5e73\u7b49\u5f85\u9047\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u624d\u80fd\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002[45]\u53ef\u89c1\u201c\u5408\u7406\u8c03\u9002\u201d\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u53ca\u5176\u5b9e\u65bd\u5bf9\u4fdd\u969c\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u5c31\u4e1a\u6743\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u4e3e\u8bc1\u8d23\u4efb\uff0c\u96c7\u5458\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u63d0\u51fa\u8c03\u9002\u7684\u8bf7\u6c42\u4ee5\u53ca\u63d0\u4f9b\u8868\u660e\u8c03\u9002\u662f\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u8868\u9762\u8bc1\u636e\uff0c\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u5219\u7531\u96c7\u4e3b\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u8c03\u9002\u4e49\u52a1\u3002[46]<\/p>\n<p>\u4e09\u3001\u53cd\u6b8b\u75be\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6551\u6d4e<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u6551\u6d4e\u7a0b\u5e8f\u548c\u4e3e\u8bc1\u8d23\u4efb<\/p>\n<p>\u5bf9\u906d\u53d7\u6b8b\u75be\u6b67\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Green[50]\u6848\u4ef6\u4e2d\u4e3e\u8bc1\u8d23\u4efb\u8f6c\u79fb\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u5373\u5728\u539f\u544a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8868\u9762\u8bc1\u636e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4e3e\u8bc1\u8d23\u4efb\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u96c7\u4e3b\uff0c\u96c7\u4e3b\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u9648\u8ff0\u505a\u51fa\u8be5\u96c7\u7528\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u7406\u7531\u3002[51]<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6551\u6d4e\u65b9\u5f0f<\/p>\n<p>\u4f9d\u636e\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\uff0c\u6c42\u804c\u8005\u6216\u8005\u96c7\u5458\u906d\u53d7\u96c7\u4e3b\u6b67\u89c6\u53ef\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6551\u6d4e\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u590d\u804c\u3001\u8865\u53d1\u5de5\u8d44\u3001\u8861\u5e73\u6551\u6d4e\u3001\u8865\u507f\u6027\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u3001\u60e9\u7f5a\u6027\u635f\u5bb3\u8d54\u507f\u3002[52]\u8865\u507f\u6027\u8d54\u507f\u548c\u60e9\u7f5a\u6027\u8d54\u507f\u4ec5\u5728\u88ab\u544a\u6545\u610f\u6b67\u89c6\uff08intentional 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\u00a7703 \uff08a\uff09\uff081\uff09\uff082\uff09\uff0c Title \u2166 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.<\/p>\n<p>[2] \u00a7501\uff0c Rehabilitation Act of 1973.<\/p>\n<p>[3] \u00a7503\uff0c Rehabilitation Act of 1973.<\/p>\n<p>[4] Mark A. Rothstein\uff0c Charles B. Craver\uff0c Elinor P. Schroeder\uff0c Elaine W. Shoben\uff0c Employment Law\uff0c Third Edition\uff0c West\uff0c 2005\uff0c p.299.<\/p>\n<p>[5] \u00a7504 \uff08a\uff09\uff0c Rehabilitation Act of 1973.<\/p>\n<p>[6] \u00a7504 \uff08b\uff09\uff0c Rehabilitation Act of 1973.<\/p>\n<p>[7] Supra. note 4\uff0c at 300.<\/p>\n<p>[8] \u00a72\uff08a\uff09 \uff081\uff09\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[9] Harold S. Lewis\uff0c Jr. and Elizabeth J. Norman\uff0c Employment Discrimination Law and Practice\uff0c West Group\uff0c 2001\uff0c p.443.<\/p>\n<p>[10] Michael J. Zimmer\uff0c Charles A. Sullivan\uff0c Rebecca Hanner White\uff0c Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination\uff0c Sixth Edition\uff0c Aspen Publishers\uff0c 2003\uff0c p.678.<\/p>\n<p>[11] Supra. note 4\uff0c at 106.<\/p>\n<p>[12] University of Alabama v. Garrett\uff0c 531 U.S. 356\uff0c 121\uff0c S. Ct. 955\uff0c 148 L.Ed.2d 866 \uff082001\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[13] 538 U.S. 440\uff0c 123 S.Ct. 1673\uff0c 155 L.Ed.2d 615 \uff082003\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[14] Trainor v. Appollo Metal Specialties\uff0c Inc.\uff0c 318 F. 3d 976 \uff0810th Cir. 2002\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[15] \u00a7102\uff08a\uff09\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[16] \u00a7101\uff088\uff09\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[17] \u00a73\uff082\uff09\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[18] 29 C.F.R. \u00a71630\uff08Regulations to Implement the Equal Employment Provisions of the Americans with Americans with Disabilities Act \uff09\u30022\uff08k\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[19] 29 C.F.R. \u00a71630.2\uff08l\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[20] \u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u5bf9\u88ab\u201c\u5047\u5b9a\u201d\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u4eba\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u9887\u5177\u501f\u9274\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u5927\u9646\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u4e59\u809d\u75c5\u6bd2\u643a\u5e26\u8005\u201d\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u89c6\u662f\u5426\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u501f\u9274\u7f8e\u56fd\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u6b8b\u75be\u201d\u7684\u6269\u5927\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f3c\u53ef\u8fce\u5203\u800c\u89e3\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u201c\u4e59\u809d\u75c5\u6bd2\u201d\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e25\u91cd\u5f71\u54cd\u6c42\u804c\u8005\u6216\u96c7\u5458\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u751f\u6d3b\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u96c7\u4e3b\u4e3b\u89c2\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u4e59\u809d\u75c5\u6bd2\u201d\u5c06\u5bf9\u6c42\u804c\u8005\u6216\u96c7\u5458\u9020\u6210\u4e25\u91cd\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u6784\u6210\u6b67\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[21] 29 C.F.R \u00a71630.8.<\/p>\n<p>[22] \u00a7508\uff0c 511\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[23] 29 C.F.R \u00a71630.2\uff08i\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[24] 29 C.F.R. \u00a71630.2\uff08j\uff09\uff082\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[25] 527 U.S. 471\uff0c 119 S.Ct. 2139\uff0c 144 L.Ed. 2d 450 \uff081999\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[26] 524 U.S. 624\uff0c 118 S.Ct. 2196\uff0c 141 L.Ed. 2d 540 \uff081998\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[27] 534 U.S. 184\uff0c 122 S.Ct. 681\uff0c 151 L.Ed. 2d 615 \uff082002\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[28] 122 S.Ct. at 693.<\/p>\n<p>[29] \u300a\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6761\u7b2c3\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\uff1a\u201c\u6b8b\u75be\u6807\u51c6\u7531\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p>[30] \u00a7101 \uff088\uff09\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[31] Supra. note 4\uff0c at 310.<\/p>\n<p>[32] \u00a7101 \uff088\uff09\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[33] 29 C.F.R. \u00a71630.2\uff08n\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[34] 142 F.3d 138 \uff083d Cir.1998\uff09 \uff08en banc\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[35] \u00a7103 \uff08b\uff09\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[36] 29 C.F.R.\u00a71630.2\uff08r\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[37] Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Echazabal\uff0c 536 U.S. 73\uff0c 122 S.Ct. 2045\uff0c 153 L.Ed.2d 82 \uff082002\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[38] Supra. note 10\uff0c at 731.<\/p>\n<p>[39] \u00a7102 \uff08b\uff09 \uff085\uff09\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[40] 29 C.F.R. \u00a71630.2\uff08o\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[41] \u00a7101 \uff089\uff09\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[42] 44 F.3d 538 \uff087th Cir. 1995\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[43] \u00a7101 \uff0810\uff09\uff08A\uff09\uff0c Americans with Disabilities Act.<\/p>\n<p>[44] Supra. note 10\uff0c at 735-739.<\/p>\n<p>[45] Catherine Barnard\uff0c EC Employment Law\uff0c Third Edition\uff0c Oxford University Press\uff0c 2006\uff0c p.401.<\/p>\n<p>[46] Supra. note 4\uff0c at 315.<\/p>\n<p>[47] i.d\uff0c at 253.<\/p>\n<p>[48] Supra. note 9\uff0c at 515-516.<\/p>\n<p>[49] Supra. note 4\uff0c at 254-255.<\/p>\n<p>[50] 411 U.S. 792\uff0c 93 S.Ct. 1817\uff0c 36 L.Ed. 2d 668 \uff081973\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[51] Supra. note 4\uff0c at 321.<\/p>\n<p>[52] i.d.\uff0c at 322.<\/p>\n<p>[53] Supra. note 9\uff0c at 519-520.<\/p>\n<p>[54] \u6839\u636e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u5168\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u62bd\u6837\u8c03\u67e5\u7ed3\u679c\u7edf\u8ba1\u3002\u89c1\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u95e8\u6237\u7f51\u7ad9www.gov.cn\uff0c2006\u5e7412\u67081\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[55] Article 5\uff0c Council Directive 2000\/78\uff0c Establishing a General Framework for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation.<\/p>\n<p align=\"right\">\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u6cd5\u5b66\u6240\u00b7\u8c22\u589e\u6bc5<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6cd5\u300b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u4fdd\u969c\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u5c31\u4e1a\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6cd5\u5f8b\uff0c\u8be5\u6cd5\u4fdd\u62a4\u9002\u683c\u7684\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u6c42\u804c\u8005\u6216\u96c7\u5458\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12622,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-wiki"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/524","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=524"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/524\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12135"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=524"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=524"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=524"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}