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start=\"4\">\n<li>\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u624b\u6bb5<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u4f17\u591a\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u5bf9\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u6297\u4e89\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u65e9\u671f\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u662fLianjiang Li\uff0c Kevin J. O&#8217;Brien\u57281996\u5e74\u628a\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u201c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6297\u4e89\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5408\u6cd5\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u201d\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u301464\u3015\u968f\u540e\uff0c 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start=\"5\">\n<li>\u8bdd\u8bed<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e3b\u6d41\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u3001\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u8ba4\u540c\u3001\u53e3\u53f7\u6216\u8bdd\u8bed\u7b56\u7565\u3001\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u7a81\u751f\u89c4\u8303( emergent norm)\u4ee5\u53ca\u5851\u9020\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u6587\u5316\u7b49\uff0c\u301470\u3015\u800c\u4e14\u5f88\u591a\u662f\u91c7\u53d6\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d6\u5411\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\u56fd\u5185\u6587\u732e\u5bf9\u8be5\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u9010\u6e10\u591a\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u524d\u6587\u5728\u4ecb\u7ecd\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7814\u7a76\u53d6\u5411\u65f6\u5df2\u7ecf\u90e8\u5206\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\uff0c\u4f46\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u201c\u53e3\u53f7\u6216\u8bdd\u8bed\u7b56\u7565\u201d\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8fd9\u540c\u5e94\u661f\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u201c\u4e0e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u8868\u8fbe\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5728\u8d44\u6e90\u52a8\u5458\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4e0a\u201d\u301471\u3015\u72b6\u51b5\u662f\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6709\u5e94\u661f\u5bf9\u79fb\u6c11\u4e0a\u8bbf\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u4ece\u201c\u6c47\u62a5\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u201d\u548c\u201c\u660e\u4e0e\u6697\u7684\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u8bf4\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5206\u6790\u3002\u301472\u3015\u9648\u6620\u82b3\u5728\u674e\u8fde\u6c5f\u548c\u6b27\u535a\u6587\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u987a\u6c11\u3001\u5201\u6c11\u201d\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u8109\u7edc\u91cc\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u201c\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u5229\u76ca\u8868\u8fbe\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u5c06\u8d2b\u56f0\u7fa4\u4f53\u88ab\u201d\u5201\u6c11\/\u66b4\u6c11\u201c\u5316\u7684\u673a\u5236\u3002\u201d\u301474\u3015\u90d1\u6b23\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e86\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u4e2d\u6751\u6c11\u4e0a\u8bbf\u65f6\u7684\u79cd\u79cd\u8bdd\u8bed\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u301473\u3015\u603b\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8fd8\u4e3b\u8981\u65f6\u505c\u7559\u5728\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u8bae\u9898\u6bd4\u8f83\u5355\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u672c\u6587\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u8bdd\u8bed\u201d\u7814\u7a76\u9700\u8981\u62d3\u5bbd\u548c\u6df1\u5165\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u6709\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u9274\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0f\u3000\u7ed3<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u7814\u7a76\u73b0\u72b6\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u7279\u5f81<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5728\u6240\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u53d6\u5411\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u5206\u6790\u5c45\u591a\u800c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u6790\u8f83\u5c11\uff1b\u8fd0\u7528\u7406\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u5c45\u591a\u800c\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u6790\u548c\u5efa\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u9010\u6e10\u589e\u591a\u7684\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u7814\u7a76\u53d6\u5411\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e5f\u5f00\u59cb\u76f8\u4e92\u878d\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u8bae\u9898\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u5230\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u673a\u4f1a\u673a\u6784\u3001\u52a8\u5458\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u7b56\u7565\u548c\u624b\u6bb5\u3001\u8bdd\u8bed\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8bae\u4e0a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5173\u6000\u4ee5\u53ca\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u652f\u6491\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u91c7\u7528\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d6\u5411\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5173\u6ce8\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u4f46\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u5347\u7684\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u5c42\u6b21\u4ee5\u53ca\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u66f4\u52a0\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<ol 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1 ] \u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4ee3\u5404\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u3001\u7531\u4e00\u5b9a\u7fa4\u4f53\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5171\u540c\u5c5e\u6027(Bert Useem.1998\uff0c Breakdown Theories of Collective Action\uff0c Annu. Rev. Social. 1998. 24\uff1a 215 &#8211; 238. )\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u4e2a\u4f53\u53c2\u52a0\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u81ea\u53d1\u6027\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5916\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u4e3a(\u8d75\u9f0e\u65b0\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bb2\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c 2006\u5e74\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c2 &#8211; 6\u9875\u3002)\u672c\u6587\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u91c7\u7528\u5e7f\u4e49\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u72ed\u4e49\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 2 ] [\u7f8e]L. \u52b3\u4e39\u8457\uff0c\u5218\u65b0\u6c11\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u8fdb\u6b65\u53ca\u5176\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u589e\u957f\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u534e\u590f\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c 1990\u5e747\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c55\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 3 ] [\u7f8e]\u9053\u683c\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u4e9a\u5f53\u3001\u897f\u5fb7\u5c3c\u00b7\u5854\u7f57\u3001\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8482\u5229\u8457\uff0c\u674e\u4e49\u4e2d\u3001\u5c48\u5e73\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u300b\uff0c\u8bd1\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c 2006\u5e749\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c26\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 4 ] \u8d75\u6811\u51ef\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u533a\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u65b0\u578b\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb&#8212;\u5173\u4e8e196\u5c01\u519c\u6c11\u6765\u4fe1\u7684\u521d\u6b65\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6751\u89c2\u5bdf\u300b\uff0c1999\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff1b\u300a\u4e61\u6751\u6cbb\u7406\uff1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u51b2\u7a81\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6218\u7565\u4e0e\u7ba1\u7406\u300b\uff0c 2003\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 5 ] [ 19 ]\u5f20\u9759\uff1a\u300a\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u6743\uff1a\u4e61\u6751\u5236\u5ea6\u8bf8\u95ee\u9898\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c 2004\u5e74\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c82 &#8211; 83\u300113\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 6 ] \u4e8e\u5efa\u5d58\uff1a\u300a\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\uff1a\u5bf9\u6751\u6c11\u5bf9\u6297\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6751\u89c2\u5bdf\u300b\uff0c2000\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff1b\u5218\u70b3\u541b\uff1a\u300a\u519c\u6751\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u6210\u56e0\u7684\u6cd5\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6c42\u8bc1\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e1b\u300b\uff0c 2005\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 7 ] \u5f20\u7389\u6797\uff1a\u300a\u653f\u7ecf\u4e00\u4f53\u5316\u5f00\u53d1\u673a\u5236\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6751\u7684\u73af\u5883\u51b2\u7a81&#8211;\u4ee5\u6d59\u6c5f\u7701\u7684\u4e09\u8d77\u201c\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u201d\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u300b\uff0c\u6e90\u81ea\u9999\u6e2f\u4e2d\u6587\u5927\u5b66\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u670d\u52a1\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff1a http\uff1a \/ \/www. usc. cuhk. edu. hk \/wk_wzdetails. asp\uff1f id = 5920 .<\/p>\n<p>[ 8 ] \u8096\u5510\u9556\uff1a\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u4f59\u5e74\u6765\u5927\u9646\u519c\u6751\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u51b5&#8211;\u4ee5\u519c\u6c11\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e3a\u89c6\u89d2\u300b\uff0c\u5b66\u672f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7f51\uff0c http\uff1a \/ \/www. xschina. org\/ show. php\uff1f id = 356\uff0c\u539f\u8f7d\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\u4e16\u7eaa\u300b(\u9999\u6e2f) \uff0c 2003\u5e744\u6708\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 9 ] [ 37 ] \u4e8e\u5efa\u5d58\uff1a\u300a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u539f\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76&#8212;\u57fa\u4e8eH\u53bf\u519c\u6c11\u7ef4\u6743\u6297\u4e89\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5b66\u6d77\u300b\uff0c 2006\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 10 ] \u4e8e\u5efa\u5d58\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6c11\u7ef4\u6743\u6297\u4e89\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u53d6\u5411&#8212;\u5bf9\u6e56\u5357\u7701\u8861\u9633\u53bf\u7684\u5b9e\u8bc1\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a\u6743\u5229\u3001\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c 2006\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c45 &#8211; 59\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 11 ] \u51af\u4ed5\u653f\uff1a\u300a\u5355\u4f4d\u5206\u5272\u4e0e\u96c6\u4f53\u6297\u4e89\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b2006\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c98 &#8211; 134\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 12 ] \u5b59\u7acb\u5e73\uff1a\u300a\u201c\u8fc7\u7a0b&#8211;\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5206\u6790\u201d\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6&#8211;\u519c\u6c11\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u5f62\u6001\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u534e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b(\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f91) \uff0c 2000\u5e746\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c1\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 13 ] [ 27 ] \u5e94\u661f\uff1a\u300a\u7565\u8bba\u53d9\u4e8b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u7684\u8fd0\u7528\u53ca\u5176\u9650\u5236\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6c5f\u82cf\u884c\u653f\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff0c 2006\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 14 ] \u5e94\u661f\u3001\u664b\u519b\uff1a\u300a\u96c6\u4f53\u4e0a\u8bbf\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u5316\u201d\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff1a\u897f\u5357\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c34\u7535\u7ad9\u7684\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u534e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b(\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f91) \uff0c 2000\u5e746\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c80\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 15 ] [ 45 ] [ 58 ] [ 59 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] \u5e94\u661f\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u6cb3\u79fb\u6c11\u4e0a\u8bbf\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff1a\u4ece\u201c\u8ba8\u8fc7\u8bf4\u6cd5\u201d\u5230\u201c\u6446\u5e73\u7406\u987a\u201d\u300b\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u00b7\u8bfb\u4e66\u00b7\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\uff0c 2002\u5e74\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c354\u3001383\u3001321\u3001415\u300121\u3001327 &#8211; 332\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 16 ] \u674e\u6000\uff1a\u300a\u57ce\u5e02\u62c6\u8fc1\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u51b2\u7a81\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u89e3\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u897f\u5317\u6c11\u65cf\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c 2005\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 17 ] \u6768\u7ee7\u6d9b\uff1a\u300a\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u7b56\u7565\u53ca\u6743\u529b\u5173\u7cfb\u518d\u751f\u4ea7\uff1a\u5bf9\u9c81\u897f\u5357\u67d0\u666f\u533a\u5f00\u53d1\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\uff0c 2005\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 18 ] [\u7f8e]\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u8482\u5229\u8457\uff0c\u8c22\u5cb3\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u96c6\u4f53\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e16\u7eaa\u51fa\u7248\u96c6\u56e2\uff0c 2006\u5e741\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c19\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 20 ] \u6e20\u656c\u4e1c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff1a\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6790\u6700\u5f3a\u8c03\u5206\u6790\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u751f\u4ea7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u7247\u65ad\uff0c\u90fd\u5e94\u56de\u5f52\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u603b\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u6027\u4e0a\u53bb\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6790\u7684\u603b\u4f53\u6027\u66f4\u5f3a\u8c03\u6784\u6210\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u73af\u8282\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u7740\u529b\u53bb\u5bfb\u627e\u603b\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4f4d\u70b9\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u53ca\u5176\u76f8\u5173\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u575a\u6301\u673a\u5236\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8def\u7ebf\u3002\u673a\u5236\u5206\u6790\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u662f\u5236\u5ea6\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u601d\u8def\u6216\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u601d\u8def\u6765\u8003\u5bdf\u4e00\u4e2a\u73b0\u8c61\u6216\u4e00\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u7684\u6765\u9f99\u53bb\u8109\uff0c\u770b\u770b\u5b83\u7a76\u7adf\u901a\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u8f6c\u5316\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u903b\u8f91\u90a3\u91cc\u53bb\uff0c\u6216\u4ece\u54ea\u4e2a\u70b9\u51fa\u53d1\u9010\u6b65\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u53bb\u3002(\u6e20\u656c\u4e1c\uff0c\u201c\u575a\u6301\u7ed3\u6784\u5206\u6790\u548c\u673a\u5236\u5206\u6790\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5904\u7406\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u201d\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c 2007\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c206 &#8211; 211\u9875\u3002)<\/p>\n<p>[ 21 ] \u5f20\u78ca\uff1a\u300a\u4e1a\u4e3b\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a\u4ea7\u751f\u539f\u56e0\u53ca\u52a8\u5458\u673a\u5236&#8212;\u5bf9\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u533a\u4e2a\u6848\u7684\u8003\u67e5\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c 2005\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 22 ] \u5b5f\u4f1f\uff1a\u300a\u57ce\u5e02\u4e1a\u4e3b\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u53ca\u5176\u884c\u4e3a\u903b\u8f91\uff1a\u4ee5\u6df1\u5733\u5e02\u5b9d\u5b89\u533a\u6ee2\u6c34\u5c71\u5e84\u4e1a\u4e3b\u7ef4\u6743\u884c\u52a8\u4e3a\u4f8b\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u9009\u4e3e\u4e0e\u6cbb\u7406\u7f51http\uff1a \/ \/www. chinaelections. org\/NewsInfo. asp\uff1f NewsID = 11.<\/p>\n<p>[ 23 ] \u5b54\u96ef\u3001\u5f6d\u6d69\uff1a\u300a\u57ce\u90ca\u519c\u6751\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u6cbb\u5b89\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5206\u6790\uff1a\u4ee5\u6751\u6c11\u805a\u4f17\u4e0a\u8bbf\u4e3a\u4f8b\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u56db\u5ddd\u8b66\u5b98\u9ad8\u7b49\u4e13\u79d1\u5b66\u6821\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff0c 2004\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 24 ] \u738b\u658c\u3001\u6768\u5fd7\u6797\u3001\u674e\u5fd7\u654f\u3001\u5f90\u5bc5\u5cf0\uff1a\u300a\u519c\u6751\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u7a81\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u8d77\u56e0\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u535a\u5f08\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u9752\u5c9b\u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u9662\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff0c 2004\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 25 ] \u5f90\u5bc5\u5cf0\u3001\u5218\u5fb7\u6d77\uff1a\u300a\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u7a81\u53d1\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4ea7\u751f\u6839\u6e90\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u535a\u5f08\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u9884\u6d4b\u300b\uff0c 2004\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 26 ] William A. Gamson. \u201cConstructing Social Protest\u201d \uff0c in Hans Johnston and Bert Klandermans\uff0c eds. \uff0cSocialMovements and Culture. 1995\uff0c pp. 85 &#8211; 106. Minnesota.<\/p>\n<p>[ 28 ] [ 47 ]\u5b59\u6b63\uff1a\u300a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5316\u7fa4\u4f53\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u516c\u5b89\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff0c 2004\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 29 ] [ 31 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 54 ] [ 62 ] [ 70 ] \u8d75\u9f0e\u65b0\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u8fd0\u52a8\u8bb2\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c 2006\u5e743\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c64\u300171 &#8211; 72\u300164\u3001195 &#8211; 205\u3001240\u3001253\u300132\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 30 ] \u90ed\u666f\u840d\uff1a\u300a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u903b\u8f91\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u6cb3\u5317\u5b66\u520a\u300b\uff0c 2006\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 32 ] \u4f5f\u65b0\uff1a\u300a\u5ef6\u7eed\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6587\u5316\u4f20\u7edf\uff1a\u4e00\u8d77\u56fd\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u5de5\u4eba\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u4e2a\u6848\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c2006\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 33 ] \u515a\u56fd\u82f1\uff1a\u300a\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6751\u89c2\u5bdf\u300b\uff0c 2001\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 34 ] [ 43 ] \u9648\u6620\u82b3\uff1a\u300a\u884c\u52a8\u529b\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u9650\u5236\uff1a\u90fd\u5e02\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u5c42\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c 2006\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 35 ] [ 51 ] [ 67 ] \u7fc1\u5b9a\u519b\uff1a\u300a\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u7b56\u7565\uff1a\u4ee5S\u5e02\u4e09\u5ce1\u79fb\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u9002\u5e94\u4e3a\u4f8b\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\uff0c 2005\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 36 ] \u8096\u5510\u9556\uff1a\u300a\u4ece\u519c\u6c11\u5fc3\u6001\u770b\u519c\u6751\u653f\u6cbb\u7a33\u5b9a\u72b6\u51b5\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\u53ca\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u534e\u4e2d\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b(\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248) \uff0c 2005\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 38 ] \u674e\u57f9\u6797\u3001\u5f20\u7ffc\u3001\u8d75\u5ef6\u4e1c\u3001\u6881\u680b\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u610f\u8bc6\uff1a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u77db\u76fe\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c 2005\u5e745\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c259 &#8211; 269\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 39 ] \u674e\u57f9\u6797\uff1a\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u9636\u7ea7\u610f\u8bc6\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u77db\u76fe\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\uff0c 2005\u5e74\uff0c\u603b\u7b2c239\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 42 ] [ 63 ] \u5218\u80fd\uff1a\u300a\u6028\u6068\u89e3\u91ca\u3001\u52a8\u5458\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u7406\u6027\u9009\u62e9&#8212;\u6709\u5173\u4e2d\u56fd\u90fd\u5e02\u5730\u533a\u96c6\u4f53\u884c\u52a8\u53d1\u751f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5f00\u653e\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b2004\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 44 ] [ 52 ] [ 68 ] \u5e94\u661f\uff1a\u300a\u8349\u6839\u52a8\u5458\u4e0e\u519c\u6c11\u7fa4\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u673a\u5236&#8212;\u56db\u4e2a\u4e2a\u6848\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c 2007\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 46 ] [ 73 ] \u9648\u6620\u82b3\uff1a\u300a\u7fa4\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5929\u6daf\u300b\uff0c 2004\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 48 ] [ 65 ] \u90ed\u4e8e\u534e\uff1a\u300a\u201c\u5f31\u8005\u7684\u6b66\u5668\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u6587\u672c\u201d\uff1a\u7814\u7a76\u519c\u6c11\u53cd\u6297\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u89c6\u89d2\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u8bfb\u4e66\u300b\uff0c 2002\u5e74\u7b2c7\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 49 ] [ 64 ] LianjiangLi\uff1b Kevin J. O&#8217;Brien\uff0c 1996\uff0c Villagers and Popular Resistance in Contemporary China\uff0cModern China\uff0c Volume 22\uff0c Issue 1 ( Jan. \uff0c 1996) \uff0c pp. 28 &#8211; 61.<\/p>\n<p>[ 50 ] [ 66 ] \u4e8e\u5efa\u5d58\uff1a\u300a\u5f53\u524d\u519c\u6c11\u7ef4\u6743\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u89e3\u91ca\u6846\u67b6\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c 2004\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 53 ] \u738b\u6653\u6bc5\uff1a\u300a\u51b2\u7a81\u4e2d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u516c\u6b63\uff1a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6240\u8bfe\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\uff0c2003\u5e74\uff0c\u8f6c\u5f15\u81ea\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b66\u4e2d\u56fd\u7f51http\uff1a \/ \/www. sachina. edu. cn \/Htmldata \/ article \/2005 \/11 \/649. html.<\/p>\n<p>[ 55 ] \u77f3\u53d1\u52c7\uff1a\u300a\u5173\u7cfb\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u57fa\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e00\u4e2a\u8857\u533a\u73af\u4fdd\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2a\u6848\u4e3a\u4f8b\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5b66\u6d77\u300b\uff0c 2005\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 56 ]\u5e94\u661f\uff1a\u300a\u5927\u6cb3\u79fb\u6c11\u4e0a\u8bbf\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u300b\uff1b\u9648\u6620\u82b3\uff1a\u300a\u7fa4\u4f53\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u5982\u4f55\u53ef\u80fd\u300b\uff1b\u5f20\u78ca\uff1a\u300a\u4e1a\u4e3b\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a\u4ea7\u751f\u539f\u56e0\u53ca\u52a8\u5458\u673a\u5236&#8211;\u5bf9\u5317\u4eac\u5e02\u51e0\u4e2a\u5c0f\u533a\u4e2a\u6848\u7684\u8003\u67e5\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c 2005\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[ 57 ]\u4e8e\u5efa\u5d58\uff1a\u300a\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u6743\u5a01\u548c\u79e9\u5e8f\uff1a\u5bf9\u6751\u6c11\u5bf9\u6297\u57fa\u5c42\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6751\u89c2\u5bdf\u300b\uff0c2000\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\uff1b\u90ed\u6b63\u6797\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u519c\u6751\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c 2005\u5e747\u6708\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c189 &#8211; 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