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study)\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u6574\u5408(normative integration)\u3001\u5171\u8bc6\u7406\u8bba(consensus theory)\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5168\u90e8(\u8d1d\u5c14\u7279\uff0c2009\uff1a36-37)?\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u547d\u8fd0\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6709\u4e9b\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5f53\u521d\u4ed6\u8bc4\u8ff0\u65af\u5bbe\u585e\u547d\u8fd0\u7684\u90a3\u756a\u8bdd(\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\uff0c2003\uff1a3-4)\u3002\u7136\u800c\u4e5f\u6b63\u50cf\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u66fe\u8bf4\u7684\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e24\u6b21\uff0c\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u60b2\u5267\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7b11\u5267\u51fa\u73b0\u201d(\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff0c2001\uff1a8)\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u6216\u8bb8\u82db\u523b\u4e86\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u70b9\u51fa\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u50cf\u8d1d\u5c14\u7279\u8fd9\u6837\u654f\u9510\u7684\u5b66\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u672a\u80fd\u5168\u9762\u628a\u63e1\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u53ea\u987e\u81ea\u5df1\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u4e4b\u9700\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u300b\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ed6\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u2014\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u601d\u6f6e\u65f6\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u770b\u5230\u89c4\u8303\u6574\u5408(\u8d1d\u5c14\u7279\uff0c2009\uff1a35)\uff0c\u672a\u66fe\u7559\u610f\u5206\u5316\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6f20\u89c6\u201c\u4e92\u52a8\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u5076\u7136\u6027\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5206\u5316\u6574\u5408\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u673a\u5236\u201d\u2461\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8d1d\u5c14\u7279(2009\uff1a125)\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u201c\u65b0\u4e8b\u7269\u201d\u3001\u201c\u672a\u9884\u671f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u672a\u9884\u6599\u5230\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u201d\u3001\u201c\u663e\u6027\u7406\u6027\u63a8\u7406\u201d\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u548c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u91cd\u89c6\u7684\u5206\u5316\u3001\u7b26\u53f7\u5a92\u4ecb\u3001\u60c5\u5883\u5b9a\u4e49\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u5b9e\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u4e4b\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u91cd\u6784\u65f6\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u53ea\u662f\u558a\u4e00\u53e5\u201c\u4ece\u65f6\u95f4\u51fa\u53d1\u5efa\u6784\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u201d\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc5\u987b\u56de\u7b54\u65f6\u95f4\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u4eec\u7684\u6279\u5224\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6709\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u548c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u4e4b\u95f4\u5728\u5b9e\u8d28\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u662f\u5426\u771f\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u5927\u7684\u5dee\u522b?\u4e5f\u5fc5\u987b\u56de\u7b54\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5728\u5efa\u6784\u81ea\u5df1\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u653e\u5f03\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u5417?\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u771f\u628a\u53d8\u8fc1\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\u5417?\u65f6\u95f4\u5728\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u5f62\u5f0f\u662f\u600e\u6837\u7684?\u5982\u4f55\u91cd\u65b0\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5e15\u68ee\u65af?\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u6765?<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u3001\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u62b1\u6028\uff1a\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u6790\u5e76\u975e\u7ed3\u6784\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49<\/p>\n<p>\u5409\u767b\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u6b63\u7edf\u5171\u8bc6\u201d\u957f\u671f\u652f\u914d\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6b63\u7edf\u5171\u8bc6\u6709\u56db\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5171\u65f6\u5206\u6790\u3001\u529f\u80fd\u9700\u6c42\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\u5df2\u65e0\u4efb\u4f55\u7528\u5904\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u6784\u4e00\u79cd\u975e\u529f\u80fd\u8bba\u7684\u3001\u975e\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u628a\u65f6\u7a7a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3(\u5409\u767b\u65af\uff0c1987)\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u5409\u767b\u65af\u625b\u8d77\u4e86\u6279\u5224\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u5927\u65d7\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6784\u6210\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u6700\u4e3a\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6279\u5224(\u5409\u767b\u65af\uff0c1984)\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5409\u767b\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u662f\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u7528\u4e00\u5957\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u751f\u7269\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u505a\u6cd5\u5e76\u4e0d\u5177\u67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f\u4e0e\u540c\u4e00\u7cfb\u7edf\u5176\u4ed6\u8981\u7d20\u7684\u533a\u5206(Parsons\uff0c1977b\uff1a285-286)\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u662f\u6309\u201c\u4ece\u2026\u2026\u5230\u2026\u2026\u201d(from-to)\u7684\u65f6\u5e8f\u8fdb\u884c(Parsons\uff0c1977b\uff1a282)\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5409\u767b\u65af\u7684\u524d\u4e24\u9879\u6279\u8bc4\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u9053\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5409\u767b\u65af\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u70b9\u6279\u8bc4\u770b\u4f3c\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u5408\u7406\u6027\uff0c\u5b9e\u5219\u4e5f\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u521d\u8877\u662f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u5957\u540e\u7ebf\u6027\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5e94\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5931\u8303(\u6bd4\u5982\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c)\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5ba2\u89c2\u4e0a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bba\u5370\u8c61\u7684\u610f\u5916\u540e\u679c(\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\uff0c2007)\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u5409\u767b\u65af\u6279\u5224\u7684\u8868\u9762\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5728\u6218\u540e\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5426\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u57fa\u7840?\u56e0\u4e3a\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8fde\u8d2f\u6027\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\u7684\uff0c\u65e9\u5728\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u300b(\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7b80\u79f0\u300a\u7ed3\u6784\u300b)\u4e2d\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u6c42\u5b66\u65f6\u671f\u5c31\u5f00\u59cb\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5173\u4e8e\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5185\u5728\u201d(immanent)\u53d1\u5c55\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\u7684(\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\uff0c2003\uff1a6)\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u7efc\u89c2\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u8bba\u8ff0\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5934\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u53ef\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u5bf9\u4e1c\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u6709\u8fc7\u5e7f\u6cdb\u800c\u6df1\u5165\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u5355\u4ece\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5bf9\u65e5\u672c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7aef\u8d56\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u539f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5347\u7ea7(Parsons\uff0c1977a)\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5171\u540c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u6700\u7ec8\u5c06\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7cfb\u7edf\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u8d28\u7684\u53d8\u8fc1(Bourricaud\uff0c1981\uff1a194)\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\u80cc\u666f\u53ef\u8c13\u662f\u591a\u4e8b\u4e4b\u79cb\uff0c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e00\u5ea6\u6781\u5927\u5730\u5371\u53ca\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u81ea\u4e3b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u9488\u5bf9\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5371\u9669\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u5931\u8303(\u683c\u54c8\u7279\uff0c2009)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u6784\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f0f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u6bcb\u5b81\u8bf4\u662f\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\u7684\u60b2\u5929\u60af\u4eba(Parsons\uff0c1978\uff1b\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\uff0c2007)\u3002\u5409\u767b\u65af\u6240\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u76f4\u7ebf\u5316\u548c\u9636\u6bb5\u5316\u591a\u5c11\u8fd8\u662f\u6709\u70b9\u4e0d\u5f97\u8981\u9886\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u6240\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u53ea\u4e0d\u8fc7\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u591a\u7ebf\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u652f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4ee5\u6b64\u66ff\u4ee3\u6574\u4e2a\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u66f4\u4e3a\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e0b\u89e3\u51b3\u6240\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5(Eisenstadt\uff0c1964)\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u6709\u5b83\u7684\u6f14\u5316\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\u65e2\u76f8\u4e92\u533a\u5206\u53c8\u76f8\u4e92\u501f\u9274\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5b58\u7eed\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u6c42\u540c\u5b58\u5f02\u7684\u9053\u7406\u5e73\u5b9e\u800c\u7b80\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5bf9\u4eba\u4eec\u51a0\u4e4b\u4ee5\u7ed3\u6784\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u7684\u79f0\u8c13\u5e76\u4e0d\u5728\u4e4e\uff0c\u800c\u771f\u6b63\u5728\u4e4e\u7684\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8ba4\u8bc6\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u673a\u5236\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5409\u767b\u65af\u5bf9\u975e\u8fdb\u5316\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\u60f3\u7533\u660e\u65f6\u7a7a\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5bf9\u65f6\u7a7a\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03\u5c31\u610f\u5473\u7740\u8981\u62d2\u7edd\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u601d\u8003\u5417?\u8fd9\u663e\u7136\u8bf4\u4e0d\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u4e3a\u4e86\u634d\u536b\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e5f\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5b9e\u4e4b\u8bc4\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u76f8\u5f53\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u88ab\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u5f80\u5f80\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u9759\u6001\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u53d8\u8fc1\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6(Clark\uff0c1972)\u3002\u9020\u6210\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bef\u89e3\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5728\u5efa\u6784\u5176\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u4ece\u300a\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\u51fa\u7248\u5230\u300a\u8fc8\u5411\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u548c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u300b\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u5185\uff0c\u4ed6\u5927\u91cf\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u529f\u80fd\u201d(structural-functional)\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u2462\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5728\u5bf9\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u300a\u7ed3\u6784\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u65b0\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u8fbe\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u62b1\u6028\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u522b\u4eba\u628a\u4ed6\u6807\u7b7e\u4e3a\u7ed3\u6784\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u628a\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u6790(\u5c3d\u7ba1\u529f\u80fd\u5206\u6790\u9700\u8981\u5b8c\u5584\u548c\u4fee\u6b63)\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u76f8\u7b49\u540c\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e0d\u6d89\u53ca\u4e92\u52a8\u3001\u4ea4\u6362\u548c\u53d8\u8fc1\u3002\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8fc8\u5411\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u3001\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u8bf8\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u300b\u548c\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u5b66\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90fd\u6301\u7eed\u5730\u8003\u8651\u4e86\u4e92\u52a8\u3001\u4ea4\u6362\u548c\u53d8\u8fc1(Parsons\uff0c1972)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6709\u90a3\u4e48\u591a\u4eba\u4f1a\u8bef\u89e3\u5e15\u68ee\u65af(\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\uff0c2007)?\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u8981\u5f3a\u8c03\u4ed6\u201c\u6e29\u548c\u7684\u62b1\u6028\u201d?\u8fd9\u79cd\u77db\u76fe\u80cc\u540e\u6709\u4f55\u79cd\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u5462?\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u56de\u5230\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u4e3a\u300a\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\u5e73\u88c5\u672c\u5199\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u53bb\u8003\u5bdf\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u5c24\u5176\u5173\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u3001\u5927\u8427\u6761\u3001\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u548c\u4e8c\u6218\u903c\u8fd1\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6027\u793e\u4f1a\u95ee\u9898(\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\uff0c2003\uff1a13)\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u660e\u663e\u5e26\u6709\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u76f8\u5f53\u660e\u663e\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u672c\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u8d5e\u6210\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bb2\u6cd5\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u8d1d\u5c14\u7684\u540e\u5de5\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u6982\u5ff5(Parsons\uff0c2006\/1973\uff1bLechner\uff0c1991\uff1a178)\u3002\u91d1\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5bf9\u4eba\u7c7b\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5316\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e25\u8083\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u4f5c\u5bb6(Kim\uff0c2003\uff1axv\uff1b\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\uff0c2007)\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u56de\u5e94\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u5f53\u4e25\u8083\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u610f\u6c14\u7528\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u5b66\u7406\u8fa8\u6790\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u53cd\u667a\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u6587\u5316\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u5bf9\u514b\u62c9\u514b\u7684\u8bc4\u8bba\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7cfb\u7edf\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u4e86\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u7ed3\u6784\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u8be6\u7ec6\u9610\u660e\u4e86\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u8303\u7574(\u5206\u5316\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5347\u7ea7\u3001\u5305\u5bb9)\u7684\u542b\u4e49(Parsons\uff0c1972)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9274\u4e8e\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u6709\u7740\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5baa\u7ae0\u4e4b\u7236\u201d\u7684\u79f0\u8a89\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u63a2\u7a76\u4e00\u4e0b\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5c31\u5e94\u5f53\u4e0d\u662f\u54d7\u4f17\u53d6\u5ba0\u4e4b\u4e3e\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6df1\u5165\u5230\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u3002\u6309\u7167\u83b1\u5e0c\u7eb3(Lechner\uff0c1991)\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u6216\u8bb8\u662f\u591a\u5143\u89e3\u91ca\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e09\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u8fdb\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u201d<\/p>\n<p>1977\u5e74\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u628a\u4ed6\u4ee5\u524d\u5199\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u6c47\u96c6\u6210\u4e86\u4e24\u672c\u4e66\uff0c\u4e00\u672c\u662f\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u300b\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u672c\u662f\u300a\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\u300b\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u51fa\u7248\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0d\u4e00(\u76f8\u5dee\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6570\u6708)\uff0c\u4f46\u5e8f\u8a00\u90fd\u662f\u540c\u5e74\u6240\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u6574\u4e2a\u601d\u60f3\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4e24\u672c\u6587\u96c6\u5c5e\u540c\u671f\u6210\u679c\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e24\u672c\u6587\u96c6\u4e4b\u95f4\u53c8\u6709\u4f55\u79cd\u5173\u8054\u5462?\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u81ea\u5df1\u505a\u4e86\u89e3\u91ca\uff1a\u524d\u4e00\u672c\u6587\u96c6\u76f8\u5bf9\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5f80\u540e\u770b\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u7684\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bf9\u4f5c\u8005\u667a\u8bc6\u751f\u6daf\u53ca\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u6765\u8bf4\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u662f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u91cd\u8981\u5206\u6790\u8005\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\uff1b\u540e\u4e00\u672c\u6587\u96c6\u76f8\u5bf9\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u5f80\u524d\u770b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u300b\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u4f5c\u5c31\u662f\u4f5c\u8005\u6cbf\u7740\u7406\u8bba\u8fdb\u8def\u63a8\u8fdb\u7684\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e24\u672c\u6587\u96c6\u662f\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u90fd\u6d89\u53ca\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u201d(Parsons\uff0c1978\uff1aix)\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u4f55\u7528\u610f\u5462?\u663e\u7136\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u53d9\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u9976\u6709\u610f\u5473\uff0c\u770b\u4f3c\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53d9\u8ff0\u65b9\u5f0f\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u544a\u8bc9\u8bfb\u8005\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u9879\u667a\u8bc6\u5de5\u4f5c\u6709\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u663e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u522b\u7684\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u9879\u6b63\u5728\u505a\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u533a\u5206\u51fa\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u8fc7\u53bb\u548c\u5c06\u6765\u3002\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd8\u610f\u5473\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5185\u5728\u8981\u7d20\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u5904\u7406\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u53d8\u52a8\u6027\u548c\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u5362\u66fc\u5728\u300a\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5c06\u6765\u300b\u4e2d\u8bc4\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u4ece\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u867d\u7136\u662f\u5728\u5206\u6790\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6982\u5ff5(\u6bd4\u5982\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6210\u5206)\u548c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u7684(\u884c\u52a8)\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u6765\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u57df(areas of time)\u548c\u7cfb\u7edf\u73af\u5883\u95f4\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u95ee\u9898(Luhmann\uff0c1982\uff1a49)\u3002\u5362\u66fc\u5728\u300a\u5c06\u6765\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5f00\u59cb\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u81ea\u8eab\u53ca\u5176\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u5316\u673a\u5236\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5bf9\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u5c06\u6765\u201d\u6982\u5ff5\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u79d1\u5b66\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5145\u5206\u6027\u548c\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u81ea\u8eab\u5386\u53f2\u60c5\u5883\u7684\u4e24\u91cd\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8981\u8ba4\u8bc6\u201c\u5c06\u6765\u201d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53ea\u8bc9\u8bf8\u5e74\u4ee3\u5b66(chronology)\u548c\u6a21\u6001\u5206\u6790(modal analysis)\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u63e1\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5185\u6db5\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u8ba4\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u5c31\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u3001\u73b0\u5728\u548c\u5c06\u6765\u4e09\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5362\u66fc\u56e0\u6b64\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e0e\u5c06\u6765\u5f53\u4f5c\u201c\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u2018\u65f6\u95f4\u89c6\u57df\u2019\u201d(temporal horizons of present)(Luhmann\uff0c1982\uff1a276-278)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5362\u66fc\u5145\u5206\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6210\u5206\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u9664\u4e86\u6709\u7ed3\u6784\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd9\u5b97\u201c\u7f6a\u201d\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b97\u201c\u7f6a\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u9519\u8bef\u5730\u201c\u628a\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u7b49\u540c\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u628a\u8d85\u65f6\u6027\u548c\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u89c6\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u201d(\u5409\u767b\u65af\uff0c1987\uff1a46)\u3002\u800c\u5362\u66fc\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u6709\u7740\u592a\u591a\u7684\u8bef\u89e3\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bef\u89e3\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u201c\u6ca1\u627e\u5230\u6700\u597d\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u201d(Luhmann\uff0c1982\uff1a47)\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u6d41\u884c\u89c2\u70b9\u6070\u6070\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e3b\u8981\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u8001\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u90a3\u79cd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u65b0\u7684\u540e\u7ebf\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba(\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\uff0c2007)\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u6309\u5409\u767b\u65af\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u5f53\u7136\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u5728\u53cc\u91cd\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff1a\u5728\u957f\u65f6\u6bb5\u5185\u6d41\u901d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u4ece\u89e3\u91ca\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u63cf\u5199\u65f6\u95f4\u201d(\u5409\u767b\u65af\uff0c1987\uff1a47)\u7684\u8bb2\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u7406\u7531\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5e94\u6709\u4e4b\u4e49\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5904\u7406\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u7a0d\u663e\u9690\u79d8\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u5bfb\u5e38\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u63a8\u8fdb\u548c\u6df1\u5316\u6765\u5e94\u5bf9\u65f6\u95f4\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u9690\u79d8\u6027\u7aef\u8d56\u4e8e\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u53d1\u5c55\u603b\u4f53\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4ece\u5355\u4f4d\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5230\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u518d\u6269\u5c55\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d1\u5c55\u4f0a\u59cb\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5c31\u66fe\u6307\u51fa\u65f6\u95f4\u8303\u7574\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5355\u4f4d\u884c\u52a8\u800c\u8a00\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6027\uff0c\u6362\u53e5\u8bdd\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u628a\u65f6\u95f4\u5f53\u4f5c\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u5185\u5728\u52a8\u529b\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6b63\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u5f71\u54cd\u4e0b\u76ee\u6807\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u76ee\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u603b\u6697\u542b\u7740\u4e00\u79cd\u672a\u6765\u6307\u5411\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6307\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5230\u76ee\u524d\u4e3a\u6b62\u8fd8\u672a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e14\u5373\u4fbf\u884c\u52a8\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u53d6\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u6307\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u72b6\u6001\u4e0d\u4f1a\u4e0d\u53d8\u201d(Parsons\uff0c1968\uff1a45)\u3002\u4e00\u65e6\u8fd9\u6837\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u65f6\u95f4\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u53ea\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u6027\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3b\u9898\u4e5f\u81ea\u7136\u968f\u7740\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5404\u4e2a\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u63a8\u8fdb\u800c\u9690\u533f\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u4ecd\u53ef\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u59cb\u7ec8\u90fd\u662f\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u5185\u6838\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5177\u4f53\u7406\u8bba\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u4e0d\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u5efa\u6784\u7684\u5462?\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5904\u7406\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5177\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u610f\u6db5\u3002\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9887\u4e3a\u590d\u6742\u7684\u95ee\u9898(Grathoff\uff0c1978\uff1bPsathas\uff0c2004\uff1b\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\uff0c2007)\uff0c\u2463\u6211\u4eec\u65e0\u610f\u5bf9\u6b64\u6df1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systems)\u5c31\u9010\u6b65\u671d\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u662f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e9a\u6587\u5316\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u751f\u7269\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b50\u7c7b(Parsons\uff0c1977b\uff1a30-231)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u601d\u60f3\u540e\u6765\u5728\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u300b\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u6210\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\u6269\u5c55\u7684\u53c2\u7167\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u548c\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5176\u4f59\u5b50\u7c7b\u5171\u540c\u6784\u6210\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u5f97\u5230\u66f4\u7a81\u51fa\u7684\u91cd\u89c6(Parsons\uff0c1978\uff1a382)\u3002\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5728\u300a\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u53d8\u8fc1\u300b\u8fd9\u7bc7\u81ea\u4f20\u5f0f\u8bba\u6587\u4e2d\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u56db\u529f\u80fd\u8303\u5f0f\u4e0e\u8fdb\u5316\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb(\u89c1\u88681)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u53c8\u7740\u91cd\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\u5206\u5316(differentiation)\u8fd9\u4e00\u6982\u5ff5\u6240\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u2464\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5bf9\u5206\u5316\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0a\u770b\u51fa\u6765\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u5b83(\u5206\u5316\u6982\u5ff5)\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u4f3c\u4e4e\u9996\u5148\u9002\u5207\u5730\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e86\uff0c\u5206\u5316\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u7740\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u5373\u4e00\u4e2a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u2018\u4e0d\u2019\u5206\u5316\u6216\u2018\u4e0d\u592a\u2019\u5206\u5316\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7a0d\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5206\u5316\u7684\u6216\u66f4\u4e3a\u5206\u5316\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u2026\u2026\u5206\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u548c\u6bd4\u8f83\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6027\u7edf\u4e00\u4f53\u3002\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6309\u2018\u4ece\u2026\u2026\u5230\u2026\u2026\u2019\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u63a8\u8fdb\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u5404\u90e8\u5206\u4e2d\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ee5\u524d\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u201d(Parsons\uff0c1977b\uff1a282)\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u201c\u5206\u5316\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u662f\u4ece(from)\u800c\u5206\u5316\u3002\u2018\u4ece\u2019\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u662f\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u4e3a\u540c\u6837\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u8981\u7d20\u76f8\u5206\u5316\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u201d(Parsons\uff0c1977b\uff1a285-286)\u3002\u5faa\u6b64\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u662f\u4ece\u4eba(man)\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5355\u4e00\u8d77\u6e90\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u5f00\u6765\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u52a0\u4ee5\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u7ee7\u800c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5316\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5e76\u8c08\u53ca\u4e86\u4f34\u968f\u5206\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u7684\u5305\u5bb9\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3001\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5347\u7ea7\u4e0e\u6574\u5408\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u8fd8\u5206\u6790\u4e86\u6587\u5316\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u7684\u524d\u63d0(\u5305\u62ec\u6280\u672f\u3001\u4eb2\u5c5e\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u4ea4\u5f80\u3001\u5b97\u6559)\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u590d\u5408\u4f53(\u5305\u62ec\u5206\u5c42\u3001\u6587\u5316\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3001\u5b9e\u73b0\u96c6\u4f53\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u79d1\u5c42\u5236\u3001\u8d27\u5e01\u548c\u5e02\u573a\u4f53\u5236\u3001\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u666e\u904d\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4f53\u5236\u3001\u914d\u5907\u6c11\u9009\u9886\u5bfc\u548c\u5bf9\u653f\u7b56\u53d6\u5411\u5177\u6709\u8c03\u89e3\u6027\u6210\u5458\u6743\u652f\u6301\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u578b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b49)(Parsons\uff0c1964)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u5185\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u89c2\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u5206\u5316\u6574\u5408\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5316\u673a\u5236\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u90fd\u6216\u591a\u6216\u5c11\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u65f6\u95f4\u89c2\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u4f53\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56db\u3001\u201c\u73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framework)\u7684\u505a\u6cd5(Parsons\uff0c1978\uff1a355)\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u201c\u662f\u67d0\u79cd\u671d\u5411\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u4f53\u7cfb(\u903b\u8f91\u2014\u6f14\u7ece\u7406\u8bba)\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u7684\u7cfb\u5217\u8d21\u732e\u201d(\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\uff0c2007)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u5efa\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u300b(1970)\u8fd9\u7bc7\u56de\u6eaf\u6027\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5(Parsons\uff0c1977b\uff1a46)\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u6790\u5e76\u4e0d\u6b62\u4e8e\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u628a\u5b83\u9010\u6e10\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u5bf9\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u548c\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u5206\u6790\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u59cb\u7ec8\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e76\u4e0d\u5355\u72ec\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u8fb9\u754c\u201d\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u7cfb\u7edf\u201c\u76f8\u501a\u201d\u4e14\u4e92\u4e3a\u6761\u4ef6(Parsons\uff0c1978\uff1a352-353)\u3002\u800c\u5728\u300a\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6587\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u300b(1976)\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u548c\u675c\u666e\u96f7\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u8981\u53d6\u5f97\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u628a\u590d\u6742\u6027(\u5206\u5316)\u3001\u63a7\u5236(\u4ee3\u7801)\u3001\u65b0\u9648\u4ee3\u8c22(\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa)\u3001\u9176(\u5a92\u4ecb)\u89c6\u4f5c\u751f\u7269(\u793e\u4f1a)\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u4e0e\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fdb\u884c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e86\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u667a\u8bc6\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u624d\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u529f\u80fd\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u5b83\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u9996\u5148\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u2014\u73af\u5883\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5176\u6b21\u662f\u7cfb\u7edf\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5185\u90e8\u5206\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5047\u8bbe\u57fa\u4e8e\u4e00\u79cd\u53cc\u91cd\u8003\u8651\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u81ea\u4ece\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u574e\u519c\u505a\u51fa\u91cd\u5927\u8d21\u732e\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5df2\u6e05\u695a\u4e86\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u5c31\u662f\u7ef4\u6301\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d77\u7740\u65e2\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u5b83\u7684\u73af\u5883\uff0c\u4e5f\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u76f8\u6bd4\u5b83\u7684\u73af\u5883\u66f4\u4e3a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5e76\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u7ef4\u6301\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5b8c\u5168\u8fdc\u79bb\u73af\u5883\u6216\u9694\u79bb\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u4ea4\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b\u800c\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u5f00\u653e\u201d\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u79cd\u89c6\u89d2\u770b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u751f\u547d\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u5185\u90e8\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u73af\u5883\u72b6\u6001\u4e4b\u95f4\u3001(\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762)\u73af\u5883\u7684\u66f4\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u81ea\u8eab\u201c\u5f00\u653e\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u65f6\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5b83\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u7ef4\u6301\u3002(Parsons\uff0c1977b\uff1a230)<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6837\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u5f88\u7c7b\u4f3c\u4e8e\u7c73\u5fb7\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u7c73\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7684\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u5dee\u5f02\u4e3b\u8981\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u4e5f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u6d89\u53ca\u4e24\u79cd\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u5916\u90e8\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u534f\u8c03\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u7ec4\u5408\u534f\u8c03\u3002\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5206\u5316\u662f\u6cbf\u7740\u5916\u90e8\u8f74\u548c\u5185\u90e8\u8f74\u4e24\u6761\u8f74\u7ebf\u5206\u522b\u8fdb\u884c\u3002\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u662f\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u65f6\u5019\u90fd\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e0d\u662f\u5373\u65f6\u7684\u8c03\u8bd5(adjustment)\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u82b1\u8d39\u65f6\u95f4(take 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0fd\u4f1a\u53d6\u5f97\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u9002\u5e94\u6027\u5347\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u2460\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7c7b\u6240\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u90fd\u662f\u7ebf\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\uff0c\u7ebf\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u897f\u65b9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u975e\u897f\u65b9\u56fd\u5bb6\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u5b8c\u5168\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u540e\u73b0\u4ee3\u4e3a\u524d\u63d0\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u7684\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\u53ef\u80fd(Tester\uff0c1993\uff1a154-155)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2461\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u673a\u5236\u201d(evolutionary universals)\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u5e15\u68ee\u65af1964\u5e74\u5728\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u5316\u673a\u5236\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u3002\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u5728\u4f7f\u7528\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u7528\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u5171\u76f8\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u7528\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u5171\u9879\u201d\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u5171\u76f8\u201d\u7528\u5f97\u66f4\u666e\u904d\u4e9b\u3002\u7ecf\u7b14\u8005\u67e5\u9605\uff0c\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u5171\u76f8\u201d\u8f83\u65e9\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u7528\u6cd5\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u8d3e\u6625\u589e\u7f16(2000)\u7684\u300a\u5916\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u5171\u9879\u201d\u7684\u8bd1\u6cd5\u5927\u6982\u51fa\u81ea\u674e\u731b\u3001\u674e\u5eb7\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6784\u6210\u300b\u4e00\u4e66(\u5409\u767b\u65af\uff0c1998)\u3002\u4e24\u76f8\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u5171\u9879\u201d\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u672c\u610f\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u516c\u56e0\u6570\u7684\u6db5\u4e49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u201c\u5171\u9879\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5171\u76f8\u201d\u97f3\u540c\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u9020\u6210\u542b\u6df7\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u56fd\u5185\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u4eba\u58eb\u5728\u6279\u8bc4\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u65f6\uff0c\u5e38\u8bef\u7528\u201c\u8fdb\u5316\u5171\u76f8\u201d\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u672c\u662f\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u76f4\u7ebf\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u540e\u7ebf\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba(post-linear social evolutionary theory)\u3002\u540e\u7ebf\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u65e7\u5f0f\u76f4\u7ebf\u6027\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5b83\u66f4\u52a0\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u6027\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6027(Parsons\uff0c1964\uff1b\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\uff0c2007)\u3002\u7efc\u89c2\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5bf9\u8fdb\u5316\u53d8\u8fc1\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u201cevolutionary universals\u201d\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6307\u8fdb\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5177\u6709\u5171\u901a\u6027\u7684\u673a\u5236\u548c\u6a21\u5f0f(Parsons\uff0c1964)\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u4e0a\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5171\u76f8\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u6240\u6709\u8fdb\u5316\u90fd\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u540c\u6837\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u24621968\u5e74\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5728\u300a\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u7684\u5e73\u88c5\u672c\u5e8f\u8a00\u4e2d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u884c\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u5728\u8be5\u4e66\u51fa\u724830\u5e74\u4e4b\u540e\u201c\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u8eab\u5185\u5728\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u4e0d\u65ad\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff1a\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u529f\u80fd\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u9636\u6bb5(\u4f1a\u901a\u9636\u6bb5)\u3001\u201c\u7ed3\u6784\u2014\u8fc7\u7a0b\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u9636\u6bb5(\u6df1\u5316\u9636\u6bb5)\u3001\u201c\u4e00\u822c\u884c\u52a8\u7cfb\u7edf\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u9636\u6bb5(\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\u7cfb\u7edf\u6269\u5c55\u9636\u6bb5)(\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\uff0c2003\uff1b\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\uff0c2007)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2463\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u4e0e\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u590d\u6742\u6027\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e24\u65b9\u9762\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u548c\u8212\u8328\u4e4b\u95f4\u66fe\u6709\u8fc7\u4e0d\u592a\u6210\u529f\u7684\u901a\u4fe1(Psathas\uff0c2004)\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6(\u6bd4\u5982\u5362\u66fc)\u591a\u91c7\u7528\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u7ee7\u7eed\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5f00\u542f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u867d\u7136\u57281941\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4ed6\u548c\u8212\u8328\u4e4b\u95f4\u4e0d\u80fd\u8fbe\u6210\u4ee4\u4eba\u6ee1\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u8212\u8328\u8003\u8651\u7684\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u8003\u8651\u7684\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7406\u8bba\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb(\u53c2\u89c1Grathoff\uff0c1978\uff1axiv)\u3002\u7136\u800c\u591a\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u5176\u6001\u5ea6\u6709\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5728\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u665a\u671f\u4f5c\u54c1\u300a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5883\u51b5\u7684\u8303\u5f0f\u300b\u4e2d\u53c8\u518d\u6b21\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u8212\u8328\u7684\u5f71\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u8d5e\u540c\u8212\u8328\u5bf9\u4f11\u8c1f\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5362\u68ad\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u52a8\u673a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u6279\u8bc4(Parsons\uff0c1978\uff1a400\u3001413)\u3002\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5171\u901a\u6027\u548c\u4e92\u8865\u6027\u8981\u8d85\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u201c\u4f7f\u4e8c\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u5206\u6b67\u7684\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u54f2\u5b66\u5173\u5207\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u54f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u201d(\u53c2\u89c1Grathoff\uff0c1978\uff1axiv)\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u7eb3\u5766\u677e\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u201c\u5982\u679c\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u662f\u4ece\u8212\u8328\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u5904\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u628a\u5f00\u59cb\u4e0e\u7ed3\u675f\u5408\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u7efc\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u5185\u5728\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u201d(\u53c2\u89c1Grathoff\uff0c1978\uff1axvi)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2464\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f(2007)\u5df2\u5bf9\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u7684\u5206\u5316\u6982\u5ff5\u505a\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u4e0d\u518d\u8d58\u8ff0\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u53ea\u662f\u63a2\u8ba8\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\u5df2\u5145\u5206\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4f46\u9650\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u4fa7\u91cd\u70b9\u800c\u672a\u52a0\u4ee5\u660e\u793a\u7684\u5206\u5316\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u8d1d\u5c14\u7279\uff0c\u5e15\u7279\u91cc\u514b\uff0c2009\uff0c\u300a\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u300b\uff0c\u9648\u751f\u6885\u3001\u6446\u7389\u840d\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u683c\u54c8\u7279\uff0c\u4e4c\u5854\uff0c2009\uff0c\u300a\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5b66\u672f\u601d\u60f3\u8bc4\u4f20\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u5eb7\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u5409\u767b\u65af\uff0c\u5b89\u4e1c\u5c3c\uff0c1987\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u548c\u7a7a\u95f4\uff1a\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u6279\u5224\u300b\uff0c\u5362\u91ce\u9e64\u8bd1\uff0c\u300a\u56fd\u5916\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u6458\u300b\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u2014\u2014\uff0c1998\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6784\u6210\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u731b\u3001\u674e\u5eb7\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u751f\u6d3b\u00b7\u8bfb\u4e66\u00b7\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e97\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u8d3e\u6625\u589e\u7f16\uff0c2000\uff0c\u300a\u5916\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u53f2\uff08\u4fee\u8ba2\u672c\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff0c\u5361\u5c14\uff0c2001\uff0c\u300a\u8def\u6613\u00b7\u6ce2\u62ff\u5df4\u7684\u96fe\u6708\u5341\u516b\u65e5\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5217\u5b81\u65af\u5927\u6797\u8457\u4f5c\u7ffb\u8bd1\u5c40\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u7c73\u5fb7\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u8d6b\u4f2f\u7279\uff0c2003\uff0c\u300a\u73b0\u5728\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u731b\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\uff0c\u5854\u5c14\u79d1\u7279\uff0c2003\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u300b\uff0c\u5f20\u660e\u5fb7\u3001\u590f\u9047\u5357\u3001\u5f6d\u521a\u8bd1\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\uff1a\u8bd1\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[9]\u8427\u516c\u6743\uff0c1997\uff0c\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\uff1a\u5eb7\u6709\u4e3a\u53d8\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5927\u540c\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u6c6a\u8363\u7956\u8bd1\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\uff1a\u6c5f\u82cf\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u4e9a\u5f53\uff0c\u82ad\u82ad\u62c9\uff0c2009\uff0c\u300a\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u91d1\u68a6\u5170\u8bd1\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u8d75\u7acb\u4f1f\uff0c2007\uff0c\u300a\u89c4\u8303\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\uff1a\u91cd\u6784\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>[12]Adam,Barbara 1998,Timescapes of Modernity:The Environment and Invisible Hazards.London:Routledge.<\/p>\n<p>[13]Bourricaud,Francois 1981,The Sociology of Talcott Parsons.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n<p>[14]Clark,Terry N.1972,\u201cStructural-Functionalism,Exchange Theory,and the New Political Economy:Institutionalization as a Theoretical Linkage.\u201dSociological Inquiry 42\uff083-4\uff09.<\/p>\n<p>[15]Eisenstadt,S.N.1964,\u201cSocial Change,Differentiation and Evolution.\u201dAmerican Sociological Review 29\uff083\uff09.<\/p>\n<p>[16]Elchardus,Mark 1988,\u201cThe Rediscovery of Chronos:The New Role of Time in Sociological Theory.\u201dInternational Sociology 3\uff081\uff09.<\/p>\n<p>[17]Grathoff,Richard\uff08ed.\uff09 1978,The Theory of Social Action:The Correspondence of Alfred Schutz and Talcott Parsons.Bloomington:Indian University Press.<\/p>\n<p>[18]Jaworski,Gary Dean 1991,\u201cClassicism and Romanticism in the Sociology of Time.\u201dSociological Inquiry 61\uff084\uff09.<\/p>\n<p>[19]Jules-Rosette,Bennetta 1980,\u201cTalcott Parsons and the Phenomenological Tradition in Sociology:An Unresolved Debate.\u201dHuman Studies 3.<\/p>\n<p>[20]Kim,Kwang-ki 2003,Order and Agency in Modernity:Talcott Parsons,Erving Goffman,and Harold Garfinkel.Albany:State University of New York Press.<\/p>\n<p>[21]Lechner,Frank J.1991,\u201cParsons and Modernity:An Interpretation.\u201din Roland Robertson &amp; Bryan S.Turner\uff08eds.\uff09,\u201cTalcott Parsons:Theorist of Modernity.\u201dLondon:Sage Publications.<\/p>\n<p>[22]Lewis,J.D.&amp; A.J.Weigart 1981,\u201cThe Structures and Meanings of Social Time.\u201dSocial Forces 60\uff082\uff09.<\/p>\n<p>[23]Luhmann,Niklas 1982,The Differentiation of Society.Trans.by Stephen Holmes and Charles Larmore.New York:Columbia University Press.<\/p>\n<p>[24]Osborne,Peter 1995,The Politics of Time:Modernity &amp; Avant-garde.London:Verso.<\/p>\n<p>[25]Parsons,Talcott 1964,\u201cEvolutionary Universals in Society.\u201dAmerican Sociological Review 29\uff083\uff09.<\/p>\n<p>[26]\u2014\u20141967,Sociological Theory and Modern Society.New York:The Free Press.<\/p>\n<p>[27]\u2014\u20141968,The Structure of Social Action.New York:The Free Press.<\/p>\n<p>[28]\u2014\u20141972,\u201cCommentary on Clark.\u201dSociological Inquiry 42\uff083-4\uff09.<\/p>\n<p>[29]\u2014\u20141973,The American University.Co-authored with Gerald M.Platt and in collaboration with Neil J.Smelser.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n<p>[30]\u2014\u20141977a,The Evolution of Societies.New Jersey:Prentice-Hall.<\/p>\n<p>[31]\u2014\u20141977b,Social Systems and The Evolution of Action Theory.New York:The Free Press.<\/p>\n<p>[32]\u2014\u20141978,Action Theory and the Human Condition.New York:The Free Press.<\/p>\n<p>[33]\u2014\u20142006\/1973,\u201cA Seminar with Talcott Parsons at Brown University:My Life and My Work,March 10,1973.\u201dAmerican Journal of Economics and Sociology 65\uff081\uff09.<\/p>\n<p>[34]Psathas,George 2004,\u201cAlfred Schutz&#8217;s Influence on American Sociologists and Sociology.\u201dHuman Studies 27.<\/p>\n<p>[35]Sorokin,Pitirim A.&amp; Robert K.Merton 1937,\u201cSocial Time:A Methodological and Functional Analysis.\u201dThe American Journal of Sociology 42\uff085\uff09.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u3010\u6458\u8981\u3011\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u5728\u5bf9\u4e9a\u5f53\u3001\u5409\u767b\u65af\u3001\u8d1d\u5c14\u7279\u7b49\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u7684\u6279\u5224\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u63ed\u793a\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u5e15\u68ee\u65af\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00 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