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align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u7b2c\u4e09,\u81ea\u8d4b\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u3002\u81ea\u8d4b\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u662f\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u540e\u5929\u5728\u53c2\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7ecf\u7531\u4e2a\u4eba\u9009\u62e9\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u4e8b\u7531\u3002\u8be5\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f83\u4e3a\u5bb9\u6613\u5730\u751f\u6210\u3001\u53d8\u66f4\u3001\u6d88\u9664,\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u5e94\u5f53\u6210\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5236\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u662f,\u5982\u679c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u786e\u5b9e\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u6ee5\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u81ea\u8d4b\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u635f\u5bb3\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u5e73\u7b49\u5c31\u4e1a\u6743\u7684\u60c5\u5f62,\u53cd\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u4ecd\u5f97\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u987b\u8ba4\u771f\u8003\u8651\u7981\u7528\u7684\u81ea\u8d4b\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u5305\u62ec\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7684\u5de5\u4f1a\u4f1a\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u4ece\u4e8b\u5c97\u4f4d\u7684\u6027\u8d28(\u5982\u52b3\u52a1\u6d3e\u9063\u5de5\u3001\u517c\u804c\u5458\u5de5\u7b49)\u4ee5\u53ca\u662f\u5426\u6709\u68c0\u4e3e\u3001\u63a7\u544a\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u5b9e\u65bd\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(\u4e09)\u786e\u5b9a\u7981\u7528\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u610f\u4e49<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u786e\u5b9a\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u201c\u6709\u8eab\u4efd\u624d\u6709\u6551\u6d4e\u201d\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u901a\u8fc7\u5217\u4e3e\u7981\u7528\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u5398\u5b9a\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u7fa4\u8303\u56f4,\u63d0\u793a\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u5728\u4f5c\u51fa\u62db\u5f55\u3001\u57f9\u8bad\u3001\u664b\u5347\u3001\u5956\u60e9\u3001\u85aa\u916c\u53ca\u798f\u5229\u5f85\u9047\u7b49\u51b3\u5b9a\u65f6\u5e94\u5f53\u6ce8\u610f\u907f\u514d\u4fb5\u5bb3\u5173\u8054\u4eba\u7fa4\u6216\u8005\u4e0e\u5176\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u5982\u679c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u5728\u96c7\u4f63\u51b3\u7b56\u4e2d\u57fa\u4e8e\u7981\u7528\u4e8b\u7531\u5b9e\u65bd\u4e86\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6,\u90a3\u4e48,\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6362\u53d6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5e72\u6d89\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u96c7\u4f63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u524d\u63d0,\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u8005\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u5bc6\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u5c5e\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u4e8b\u7531\u5173\u8054\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u4eba\u7fa4\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u201cMcDonnell Douglas Corp.v.Green\u201d\u6848\u786e\u7acb\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6848\u4ef6\u4e3e\u8bc1\u89c4\u5219\u660e\u786e\u8981\u6c42,\u539f\u544a\u82e5\u60f3\u8d77\u8bc9\u5f97\u76f4,\u5fc5\u987b\u9996\u5148\u8bc1\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u5c5e\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u53d7\u4fdd\u62a4\u7fa4\u4f53,\u5373\u5177\u5907\u7981\u7528\u4e8b\u7531\u5173\u8054\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u3002(21)\u5728\u201cCanada(Attorney General) v.Mossop\u201d\u6848\u4e2d,Mossop\u4ee5\u5176\u540c\u6027\u4f34\u4fa3\u7236\u4eb2\u53bb\u4e16\u4e3a\u7531\u5411\u96c7\u4e3b\u7533\u8bf7\u4f11\u4e27\u5047,\u4f46\u88ab\u96c7\u4e3b\u4ee5\u5176\u4f34\u4fa3\u5e76\u975e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u914d\u5076\u6216\u4f34\u4fa3(\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u5f02\u6027\u95f4\u7684\u7ed3\u5408)\u4e3a\u7531\u4e88\u4ee5\u62d2\u7edd\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bc9\u8bbc\u5f53\u65f6\u300a\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u300b(Canadian Human Rights Act)\u5c1a\u672a\u7981\u6b62\u57fa\u4e8e\u6027\u503e\u5411\u7684\u6b67\u89c6,\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6700\u7ec8\u8ba4\u5b9aMossop\u4e0d\u5177\u6709\u53d7\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u8eab\u4efd,\u96c7\u4e3b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u6b67\u89c6\u3002(22)<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u6307\u51fa,\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b,\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u5b8c\u5168\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u590d\u6570\u8eab\u4efd\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u89c6,\u5982\u6709\u6b8b\u969c\u7684\u5973\u6027,\u6b64\u65f6\u5373\u6784\u6210\u591a\u91cd\u6b67\u89c6\u3002(23)\u4e00\u822c\u800c\u8a00,\u591a\u91cd\u6b67\u89c6\u5305\u62ec\u4e09\u79cd\u5177\u4f53\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00,\u7d2f\u79ef\u578b\u591a\u91cd\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u56e0\u5177\u5907\u590d\u6570\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u89c6,\u4f46\u524d\u8ff0\u6b67\u89c6\u5206\u522b\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u573a\u5408\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c,\u9644\u52a0\u578b\u591a\u91cd\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u56e0\u5177\u5907\u590d\u6570\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u89c6\u4e14\u524d\u8ff0\u6b67\u89c6\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e\u540c\u4e00\u65f6\u95f4\u4f46\u4e92\u76f8\u4e4b\u95f4\u6ca1\u6709\u5173\u8054\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5973\u540c\u6027\u604b\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u65f6\u56e0\u4e3a\u6027\u503e\u5411\u548c\u6027\u522b\u53d7\u5230\u591a\u91cd\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09,\u4ea4\u4e92\u578b\u591a\u91cd\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u56e0\u5177\u5907\u590d\u6570\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u89c6,\u5e76\u4e14,\u590d\u6570\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u4e92\u76f8\u4ea4\u7ec7,\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272,\u5171\u540c\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u9488\u5bf9\u9ed1\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u3002(24)\u5982\u679c\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u88f9\u8db3\u4e8e\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u53ea\u80fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u5355\u4e00\u8eab\u4efd\u5bfb\u6c42\u6551\u6d4e\u7684\u65e2\u6709\u6846\u67b6,\u90a3\u4e48,\u8fb9\u7f18\u7fa4\u4f53\u4e2d\u6700\u4e0d\u5229\u3001\u6700\u8106\u5f31\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u5c06\u65e0\u6cd5\u83b7\u5f97\u6709\u6548\u7684\u53f8\u6cd5\u6216\u653f\u6cbb\u6551\u6d4e\u3002(25)\u56e0\u6b64,\u627f\u8ba4\u591a\u91cd\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u662f\u5bf9\u65e2\u6709\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u7b80\u5355\u5206\u9694\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u5bfc\u81f4\u7455\u75b5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\u3002(26)\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a,\u90e8\u5206\u56fd\u5bb6\u5df2\u7ecf\u5728\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0a\u5141\u8bb8\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u5f97\u4e3b\u5f20\u56e0\u590d\u6570\u4e8b\u7531\u53d7\u5230\u6b67\u89c6\u3002\u4f8b\u5982,\u82f1\u56fd2010\u5e74\u300a\u5e73\u7b49\u6cd5\u300b(Equality Act)\u7b2c14\u6761\u5373\u7981\u6b62\u57fa\u4e8e\u5e74\u9f84\u3001\u6b8b\u969c\u3001\u6027\u522b\u91cd\u7f6e\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u6216\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u6027\u522b\u3001\u6027\u503e\u5411\u7b49\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u9879\u540c\u65f6\u5b9e\u65bd\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6b67\u89c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>\u3000\u3000\u4e09\u3001\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u5728\u5398\u5b9a\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u57fa\u7840\u4e4b\u4e0a,\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9700\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u660e\u786e\u5e94\u88ab\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u6784\u6210\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f,\u4ea6\u5373\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u4e0d\u5f97\u57fa\u4e8e\u88ab\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6392\u9664\u7684\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u505a\u51fa\u7279\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(\u4e00)\u57fa\u4e8e\u7981\u7528\u4e8b\u7531\u5b9e\u65bd\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85(27)\u6307\u7684\u662f\u201c\u5728\u672c\u8d28\u76f8\u540c\u6216\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b,\u7531\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u7fa4\u4f53\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u56e0\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7981\u6b62\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e8b\u7531\u800c\u53d7\u5230\u6216\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u6bd4\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e0d\u5229\u6216\u4f18\u60e0\u7684\u5bf9\u5f85\u201d\u3002(28)\u6b64\u7c7b\u884c\u4e3a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u6b67\u89c6\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d,(29)\u56e0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7981\u6b62\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u521d\u8877\u5c31\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u786e\u4fdd\u90a3\u4e9b\u6765\u81ea\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u8499\u53d7\u6392\u65a5\u3001\u504f\u89c1\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d1f\u9762\u523b\u677f\u5370\u8c61\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u5c31\u4e1a\u548c\u804c\u4e1a\u673a\u4f1a\u4e2d\u88ab\u7ed9\u4e88\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\u3002(30)<\/p>\n<p 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align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u5bf9\u6b67\u89c6\u4e3b\u89c2\u610f\u56fe\u7684\u5f3a\u8c03,\u533a\u522b\u5f71\u54cd\u66f4\u770b\u91cd\u884c\u4e3a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u7ed3\u679c,(38)\u56e0\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7981\u6b62\u533a\u522b\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u6d88\u9664\u5386\u53f2\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49,\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u9632\u6b62\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u56fa\u5316\u3002(39)\u5728\u201cGriggs v.Duke Power 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align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4,\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u6d3e\u3001\u6b8b\u969c\u3001\u6027\u522b\u7b49\u662f\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u636e\u4ee5\u8981\u6c42\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u63d0\u4f9b\u5408\u7406\u4fbf\u5229\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4e8b\u7531\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a,\u6700\u521d\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u5728\u4e88\u5176\u5458\u5de5\u4fbf\u5229\u4ee5\u9075\u5b88\u5b97\u6559\u4eea\u8f68\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u7684\u4e0d\u5408\u4f5c\u6001\u5ea6\u65b9\u624d\u4fc3\u6210\u5408\u7406\u4fbf\u5229\u8fd9\u4e00\u79ef\u6781\u4e49\u52a1\u7684\u8bde\u751f\u3002(49)\u5728\u201cOntario Human Rights Commission v.Simpsons-Sears\u201d\u6848\u4e2d,\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u5b9a\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u62d2\u7edd\u4e3a\u56e0\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7f18\u6545\u4e0d\u80fd\u5728\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u63d0\u4f9b\u8c03\u6574\u5de5\u4f5c\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49\u5408\u7406\u4fbf\u5229\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6784\u6210\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u3002(50)\u968f\u540e,\u5408\u7406\u4fbf\u5229\u4e49\u52a1\u5728\u7981\u6b62\u6b8b\u969c\u6b67\u89c6\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5e7f\u6cdb\u627f\u8ba4\u3002\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u4f46\u51e1\u9488\u5bf9\u6b8b\u969c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4f5c\u51fa\u62d2\u7edd\u5f55\u7528\u3001\u89e3\u96c7\u7b49\u4e0d\u5229\u51b3\u5b9a,\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e3a\u6b8b\u969c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5408\u7406\u4fbf\u5229\u800c\u5176\u4f9d\u7136\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u5c97\u4f4d\u4e3b\u8981\u804c\u8d23\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\u3002\u5728\u201cChac\u00f3n Navas v.Eurest Colectividades SA\u201d\u6848\u4e2d,\u9488\u5bf9Eurest\u516c\u53f8\u4ee5Chac\u00f3n\u5973\u58eb\u60a3\u75c5\u4e0d\u80fd\u575a\u6301\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e88\u4ee5\u89e3\u96c7\u7684\u505a\u6cd5,\u6b27\u6d32\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u660e\u786e\u6307\u51fa,\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u4e0d\u7ecf\u63d0\u4f9b\u5408\u7406\u4fbf\u5229\u800c\u5f84\u884c\u4ee5\u6b8b\u969c\u5458\u5de5\u65e0\u6cd5\u80dc\u4efb\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7531\u4e88\u4ee5\u89e3\u96c7\u6784\u6210\u6b67\u89c6\u3002(51)<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(\u4e94)\u62a5\u590d\u53cd\u6297\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u8005<\/p>\n<p 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Jane Coote v.Granada Hospitality Ltd.\u201d\u6848\u4e2d,\u6b27\u6d32\u6cd5\u9662\u5373\u5c06\u96c7\u4f63\u5173\u7cfb\u7ec8\u7ed3\u540e\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u56e0\u66fe\u88ab\u5176\u4e3e\u62a5\u5b9e\u65bd\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u800c\u62d2\u7edd\u4e3a\u524d\u96c7\u5458\u91cd\u65b0\u5c31\u4e1a\u51fa\u5177\u63a8\u8350\u4fe1\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5224\u5b9a\u4e3a\u62a5\u590d,\u8fdb\u800c\u7eb3\u5165\u7981\u6b62\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u4e88\u4ee5\u6551\u6d4e\u3002(55)<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>\u3000\u3000\u56db\u3001\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6297\u8fa9\u4e8b\u7531<\/strong><\/p>\n<p 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align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(\u4e00)\u771f\u5b9e\u804c\u4e1a\u8d44\u683c<\/p>\n<p 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a General Framework for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation,Council Directive 2000\/78\/EC)\u4e2d\u4ea6\u5f3a\u8c03,\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u6b8b\u969c\u3001\u5e74\u9f84\u7b49\u4ec5\u80fd\u5728\u201c\u6781\u5176\u6709\u9650\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u201d\u4e0b\u6210\u7acb\u771f\u5b9e\u804c\u4e1a\u8d44\u683c\u3002(62)\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762,\u6cd5\u9662\u4e5f\u5f97\u901a\u8fc7\u4e25\u683c\u89e3\u91ca\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e\u804c\u4e1a\u8d44\u683c\u6297\u8fa9\u4e8b\u7531\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u505a\u51fa\u9650\u7f29\u3002\u9664\u975e\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e\u7981\u7528\u4e8b\u7531\u5173\u8054\u4eba\u7fa4\u5747\u65e0\u6cd5\u80dc\u4efb\u7279\u5b9a\u5de5\u4f5c\u6216\u8005\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u7981\u7528\u4e8b\u7531\u5173\u8054\u4eba\u7fa4\u9010\u4e00\u8bc4\u4f30\u5176\u662f\u5426\u80dc\u4efb\u7279\u5b9a\u5de5\u4f5c,\u8be5\u4e8b\u7531\u4e0d\u5f97\u6210\u7acb\u771f\u5b9e\u804c\u4e1a\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u5728\u201cWestern Air Lines,Inc.v.Criswell\u201d\u6848\u4e2d,\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u6b63\u662f\u5faa\u6b64\u903b\u8f91\u5426\u51b3\u4e86\u897f\u90e8\u822a\u7a7a\u516c\u53f8\u6709\u5173\u5e74\u9f84\u5f97\u6210\u7acb\u98de\u884c\u5458\u804c\u4e1a\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u804c\u4e1a\u8d44\u683c,\u516c\u53f8\u4e3a\u4fdd\u969c\u98de\u884c\u5b89\u5168\u5f3a\u5236\u4e0b\u5c5e\u98de\u884c\u5458\u572860\u5c81\u7edf\u4e00\u9000\u4f11\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u5e74\u9f84\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002(63)<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(\u4e8c)\u6b63\u5f53\u7ecf\u8425\u6240\u9700<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u6b63\u5f53\u7ecf\u8425\u6240\u9700\u7528\u4e8e\u533a\u522b\u5f71\u54cd\u884c\u4e3a\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u8bc1\u6210\u3002(64)\u5728\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d,\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u9074\u9009\u6807\u51c6\u90fd\u5fc5\u7136\u4f34\u968f\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u7fa4\u53d7\u76ca\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u7fa4\u53d7\u635f\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64,\u4e00\u9879\u8868\u9762\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u653f\u7b56\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u82e5\u5bf9\u7981\u7528\u4e8b\u7531\u5173\u8054\u4eba\u7fa4\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u5f71\u54cd\u5373\u4e3a\u975e\u6cd5,\u4f46\u8be5\u63aa\u65bd\u662f\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u6b63\u5f53\u7ecf\u8425\u6240\u9700\u7684\u9664\u5916\u3002(65)\u4f8b\u5982,\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u8981\u6c42\u6c42\u804c\u8005\u987b\u5177\u5907\u5927\u5b66\u672c\u79d1\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5b66\u5386,\u8003\u8651\u5230\u519c\u6751\u7c4d\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u6570\u91cf\u8f83\u5c11\u7684\u60c5\u51b5,\u5b66\u5386\u9650\u5236\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u5730\u6392\u9664\u519c\u6751\u6237\u7c4d\u6c42\u804c\u8005,\u4ece\u800c\u6784\u6210\u57fa\u4e8e\u6237\u7c4d\u767b\u8bb0\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b,\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ecf\u8425\u6240\u9700\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6297\u8fa9,\u8bc1\u660e\u5b66\u5386\u9650\u5236\u662f\u5176\u5f00\u5c55\u7ecf\u8425\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee,\u6b63\u5f53\u7ecf\u8425\u6240\u9700\u662f\u8f83\u4e3a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4e0d\u786e\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6982\u5ff5,\u6297\u8fa9\u80fd\u5426\u6210\u7acb\u6709\u8d56\u4e8e\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u4e2a\u6848\u4e2d\u5177\u4f53\u88c1\u91cf\u3002\u4f46\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u660e\u786e\u88c1\u91cf\u7684\u57fa\u51c6,\u5373\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u4f8b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u68c0\u89c6\u3002\u9996\u5148,\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u8868\u9762\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u96c7\u4f63\u653f\u7b56\u610f\u6b32\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u5fc5\u987b\u5408\u6cd5\u4e14\u5177\u4f53,\u786e\u7cfb\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u771f\u5b9e\u9700\u8981\u5e76\u4e14\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u4efb\u4f55\u6b67\u89c6\u610f\u56fe\u3002(66)\u5728\u201cBrbel Kachelmann v.Bankhaus Hermann Lampe KG\u201d\u6848\u4e2d,\u6b27\u6d32\u6cd5\u9662\u8ba4\u53efBankhaus Lampe\u94f6\u884c\u5f97\u56e0\u4e1a\u52a1\u6536\u7f29\u88c1\u64a4\u90e8\u95e8\u4e4b\u6545\u89e3\u96c7\u517c\u804c\u96c7\u5458,\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u6b63\u5f53\u4e14\u8db3\u591f\u5177\u4f53,\u867d\u7136\u6b64\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u96c7\u5458\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u4e0d\u5229\u5f71\u54cd\u3002(67)\u4f46\u5728\u201cErika Steinicke v.Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Arbeit\u201d\u6848\u4e2d,\u5fb7\u56fd\u4e00\u9879\u7981\u6b62\u6700\u8fd15\u5e74\u5185\u672a\u80fd\u5168\u804c\u5de5\u4f5c\u6ee13\u5e74\u7684\u8001\u9f84\u517c\u804c\u5458\u5de5\u7ee7\u7eed\u51fa\u4efb\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u88ab\u6307\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u9020\u6210\u533a\u522b\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u8054\u90a6\u5c31\u4e1a\u5c40\u58f0\u79f0\u8be5\u89c4\u5b9a\u7cfb\u4e3a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5c31\u4e1a\u4e4b\u4e3b\u5f20,\u6b27\u6d32\u6cd5\u9662\u6307\u51fa,\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5c31\u4e1a\u786e\u4e3a\u6b63\u5f53\u4e4b\u76ee\u7684,\u4f46\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5c06\u6b64\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5c31\u4e1a\u5219\u8fc7\u4e8e\u7b3c\u7edf,\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u4ee4\u4eba\u786e\u4fe1\u5176\u65e0\u6d89\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u4e4b\u610f\u56fe\u3002(68)<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u5176\u6b21,\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u5176\u6b63\u5f53\u76ee\u7684\u800c\u5728\u96c7\u4f63\u653f\u7b56\u4e2d\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u662f\u5426\u5c06\u5bf9\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u5e73\u7b49\u5c31\u4e1a\u6743\u5229\u7684\u4fb5\u5bb3\u9650\u5236\u5728\u6700\u5c0f\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5185\u3002\u201c\u9075\u5b88\u6bd4\u4f8b\u539f\u5219\u8981\u6c42\u5bf9\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u5fc5\u987b\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u5730\u5728\u5e73\u7b49\u5bf9\u5f85\u539f\u5219\u4e0e\u5176\u610f\u6b32\u5b9e\u73b0\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u4e4b\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u534f\u8c03\u3002\u201d(69)\u53ea\u8981\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u65e2\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u7ecf\u8425\u6240\u9700\u53c8\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7531\u5173\u8054\u4eba\u7fa4\u4fb5\u5bb3\u66f4\u5c0f\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u624b\u6bb5,\u76f8\u5e94\u653f\u7b56\u5e94\u65e0\u6cd5\u901a\u8fc7\u6cd5\u9662\u68c0\u89c6\u800c\u6784\u6210\u533a\u522b\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u3002(70)\u5728\u201cLoredana Napoli v.Ministero della Giustizia\u201d\u6848\u4e2d,\u610f\u5927\u5229\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5b9a\u62c5\u4efb\u72f1\u8b66\u987b\u63a5\u53d7\u4e3a\u671f12\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u5b9e\u8bad,\u7f3a\u5e2d\u8bad\u7ec330\u5929\u4ee5\u4e0a\u4e0d\u5f97\u53c2\u52a0\u72f1\u8b66\u4efb\u804c\u8003\u8bd5\u3002Napoli\u5973\u58eb\u56e0\u751f\u4ea7\u9700\u4f9d\u6cd5\u4f11\u5f3a\u5236\u4ea7\u50473\u4e2a\u6708\u800c\u88ab\u7ec8\u6b62\u8bad\u7ec3\u8d44\u683c\u3002\u6b27\u6d32\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u5224\u51b3\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa,\u4e3a\u516c\u5171\u5b89\u5168\u4e4b\u6545,\u6cd5\u5f8b\u786e\u53ef\u4f9d\u6cd5\u62d2\u7edd\u672a\u5b8c\u6210\u5168\u90e8\u8bad\u7ec3\u8bfe\u7a0b\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\u72f1\u8b66\u4efb\u804c\u8003\u8bd5,\u5973\u6027\u56e0\u751f\u4ea7\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5b8c\u6210\u5168\u90e8\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e5f\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u4e3a\u671f12\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u4e2d,\u5bf9\u56e0\u751f\u4ea7\u5f3a\u5236\u4f11\u4ea7\u50473\u4e2a\u6708\u7684\u5973\u6027\u800c\u8a00,\u6cd5\u5f8b\u65e2\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5973\u6027\u56e0\u751f\u4ea7\u800c\u672a\u80fd\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u662f\u54ea\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3,\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8003\u8651\u5176\u5df2\u7ecf\u63a5\u53d7\u8fc7\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u800c\u4e00\u6982\u5265\u593a\u5973\u6027\u53c2\u52a0\u4efb\u804c\u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u8d44\u683c,\u6362\u8a00\u4e4b,\u5728\u6709\u591a\u4e2a\u65b9\u6848\u53ef\u4ee5\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b,\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u62e9\u5bf9\u5973\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\u5c31\u4e1a\u6743\u4fb5\u5bb3\u6700\u5c0f\u7684\u65b9\u6848,\u5f53\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u6bd4\u4f8b\u539f\u5219\u7684\u68c0\u89c6\u3002(71)<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(\u4e09)\u5b9e\u8d28\u53d8\u66f4\u4e0e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8d1f\u62c5<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u5b9e\u8d28\u53d8\u66f4\u4e0e\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8d1f\u62c5\u9488\u5bf9\u63d0\u4f9b\u5408\u7406\u4fbf\u5229\u7684\u79ef\u6781\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u80fd\u591f\u8bc1\u660e\u7279\u5b9a\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u3001\u6b8b\u969c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u7b49\u8981\u6c42\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u4fbf\u5229\u5c06\u4f1a\u5728\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\u6539\u53d8\u5de5\u4f5c\u6027\u8d28\u6216\u8005\u5bf9\u5176\u7ecf\u8425\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u6210\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7684\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8d1f\u62c5,\u5219\u53ef\u514d\u9664\u63d0\u4f9b\u88ab\u8bf7\u6c42\u4fbf\u5229\u4e4b\u4e49\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u5b9e\u8d28\u53d8\u66f4\u91cd\u5728\u8bc4\u5224\u4fbf\u5229\u63aa\u65bd\u5bf9\u804c\u4f4d\u672c\u8d28\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5728\u58f0\u4e50\u6559\u5e08\u62db\u8058\u4e2d,\u5b66\u6821\u5f97\u8981\u6c42\u6c42\u804c\u8005\u505a\u73b0\u573a\u6f14\u5531\u4ee5\u5224\u65ad\u5176\u58f0\u4e50\u6c34\u5e73,\u6709\u8a00\u8bed\u969c\u788d\u7684\u6c42\u804c\u8005\u5f53\u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf7\u6c42\u6821\u65b9\u63d0\u4f9b\u5b89\u6392\u4ed6\u4eba\u4ee3\u4e3a\u6f14\u5531\u7b49\u4fbf\u5229,\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u5c06\u5728\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u6539\u53d8\u5c97\u4f4d\u7684\u5b9e\u8d28\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8d1f\u62c5\u91cd\u5728\u8bc4\u4f30\u4fbf\u5229\u63aa\u65bd\u53ef\u80fd\u5bf9\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u9020\u6210\u4e0d\u5229\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6,\u4ea6\u5373\u5bf9\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u7ecf\u8425\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u9650\u5236\u6216\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u5458\u5de5\u6743\u5229\u7684\u635f\u5bb3\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002(72)\u6cd5\u5f8b\u53ef\u4ee5\u89c4\u5b9a\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8d1f\u62c5\u6297\u8fa9\u4e8b\u7531,\u4f46\u8003\u8651\u5230\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u5343\u5dee\u4e07\u522b\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5f88\u96be\u7ed9\u5b9a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u8bc4\u5224\u6807\u51c6\u800c\u5fc5\u987b\u7531\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u4e2a\u6848\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u88c1\u91cf\u3002\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5728\u201cCentral Alberta Dairy Pool v.Alberta(Human Rights Commission)\u201d\u6848\u4e2d\u5373\u63d0\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fbf\u5229\u63aa\u65bd\u7684\u6210\u672c\u3001\u5bf9\u96c6\u4f53\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u80cc\u79bb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3001\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u5458\u5de5\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u5bf9\u5458\u5de5\u961f\u4f0d\u548c\u8bbe\u65bd\u53ef\u66ff\u6362\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3001\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u89c4\u6a21\u5927\u5c0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u7b49\u89d2\u5ea6\u8bc4\u4f30\u4fbf\u5229\u63aa\u65bd\u662f\u5426\u5bf9\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u6784\u6210\u8fc7\u5ea6\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002(73)<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(\u56db)\u5e73\u6743\u63aa\u65bd<\/p>\n<p 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align=\"justify\"><strong>\u3000\u3000\u4e94\u3001\u7ed3\u8bed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u5c31\u4e1a\u6743\u662f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229\u7684\u5baa\u6cd5\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u5c31\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38,\u662f\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u8086\u884c\u96c7\u4f63\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7ec8\u7ed3\u3002\u5728\u6211\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u5c1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u8fdb\u5165\u53f8\u6cd5\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b,\u5e73\u7b49\u6743\u5229\u5728\u52b3\u52a8\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5145\u5206\u5b9e\u73b0\u66f4\u6709\u8d56\u4e8e\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u53cd\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u4fdd\u969c\u52b3\u52a8\u8005\u4e0d\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6743\u5229,\u8425\u9020\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u52aa\u529b\u3002\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6734\u7d20\u7684\u9053\u7406\u610f\u5473\u7740,\u89c4\u5236\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6cbb\u56fd\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e00\u73af\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u5d4c\u5165\u7981\u6b62\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u89c4\u5b9a\u65e0\u6cd5\u5151\u73b0\u201c\u6d88\u9664\u57ce\u4e61\u3001\u884c\u4e1a\u3001\u8eab\u4efd\u3001\u6027\u522b\u7b49\u4e00\u5207\u5f71\u54cd\u5e73\u7b49\u5c31\u4e1a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u969c\u788d\u548c\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u201d\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5fc5\u987b\u5b8c\u6210\u5bf9\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u5efa\u6784,\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\u786e\u5b9a\u7981\u6b62\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u5f52\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u3001\u7981\u6b62\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u6784\u6210\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6297\u8fa9\u4e8b\u7531,\u8ba9\u7a7a\u8f6c\u826f\u4e45\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7981\u4ee4\u5c3d\u5feb\u843d\u5230\u5b9e\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u6d88\u9664\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7acb\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u4eba\u4eba\u751f\u800c\u5e73\u7b49\u201d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u548c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u6b63\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002(83)\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5371\u5bb3\u5728\u4e8e\u5176\u5426\u5b9a\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u540e\u679c\u2014\u2014\u9636\u5c42\u56e0\u4e4b\u800c\u56fa\u5316,\u7fa4\u4f53\u56e0\u4e4b\u800c\u5bf9\u7acb,\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u548c\u8c10\u7a33\u5b9a\u5c06\u65e0\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u9762\u4e34\u4e25\u5cfb\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf,\u5e73\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u7275\u6d89\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3001\u77db\u76fe\u4ea4\u7ec7,\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u51b3\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002(84)\u65f6\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5,\u7f8e\u56fd\u3001\u6b27\u6d32\u3001\u5357\u975e\u7b49\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u4f9d\u65e7\u53d7\u7d2f\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u6c89\u75b4\u75fc\u75be,\u5370\u5ea6\u4ecd\u7136\u8eab\u9677\u79cd\u59d3\u6b67\u89c6\u6240\u9020\u6210\u7684\u9f83\u9f89\u548c\u5acc\u9699,\u975e\u6d32\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u7b49\u5219\u8fdc\u8fdc\u6ca1\u6709\u6446\u8131\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u62d6\u7d2f\u2026\u2026\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6ca1\u6709\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u8005,\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u5fc5\u5c06\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u4e00\u4f53\u627f\u53d7,\u65e0\u4eba\u80fd\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u72ec\u5584\u5176\u8eab\u3002\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5efa\u6784\u5f53\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u4e00\u52b3\u6c38\u9038\u5730\u89e3\u51b3\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u95ee\u9898,\u4f46\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e2d\u5199\u5165\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u5b9a\u4e49\u65e0\u7591\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u6d88\u9664\u6b67\u89c6,\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u8c10\u52b3\u52a8\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5177\u6709\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u4e00\u6b65\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000*\u611f\u8c22\u300a\u534e\u4e1c\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\u533f\u540d\u5ba1\u7a3f\u4eba\u5bf9\u672c\u6587\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5b9d\u8d35\u6279\u8bc4\u610f\u89c1,\u4f46\u6587\u8d23\u81ea\u8d1f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>\u3000\u3000\u6ce8\u91ca:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u2460International Labour Office,Equality at Work:Tackling the Challenges:Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work,ILO Publications,2007,p.10.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u2461\u300a\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u5173\u4e8e\u5168\u9762\u6df1\u5316\u6539\u9769\u82e5\u5e72\u91cd\u5927\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u6c42\u662f\u300b2013\u5e74\u7b2c22\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u2462\u738b\u6625\u971e:\u300a\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u5927\u8d22\u7ecf\u59d4:\u5236\u5b9a\u53cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u786e\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5987\u5973\u62a5\u300b2015\u5e7411\u67086\u65e5\u7b2cA1\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u24631990\u5e74\u300a\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c34\u6761\u7b2c2\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a:\u5728\u804c\u5de5\u7684\u62db\u7528\u3001\u8058\u7528\u3001\u8f6c\u6b63\u3001\u664b\u7ea7\u3001\u804c\u79f0\u8bc4\u5b9a\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u62a5\u916c\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u798f\u5229\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u4fdd\u9669\u7b49\u65b9\u9762,\u4e0d\u5f97\u6b67\u89c6\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u6709\u636e\u53ef\u67e5\u7684\u6211\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u6709\u5173\u7981\u6b62\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u2464\u8be6\u89c1\u300a\u5987\u5973\u6743\u76ca\u4fdd\u969c\u6cd5\u300b(2005\u5e74\u4fee\u8ba2)\u7b2c22\u6761\u81f3\u7b2c27\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a,\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c12\u6761\u3001\u7b2c13\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c26\u6761\u81f3\u7b2c31\u6761\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u2465\u8fd1\u5e74\u6765\u90e8\u5206\u901a\u8fc7\u8c03\u89e3\u7ed3\u6848\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6848\u4ef6\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u89c1\u5f90\u4f1f,\u5b59\u6000\u541b:\u300a\u5168\u56fd\u9996\u4f8b\u9648\u65e7\u6027\u80ba\u7ed3\u6838\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6848\u7ed3\u6848\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5236\u65e5\u62a5\u300b2012\u5e742\u670825\u65e5\u7b2c8\u7248;\u5b8b\u5229\u5f69:\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u7b2c\u4e00\u6848\u548c\u89e3\u7ed3\u6848\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5987\u5973\u62a5\u300b2013\u5e7412\u670818\u65e5\u7b2cA01\u7248;\u4e07\u9759:\u300a\u6c5f\u897f\u827e\u6ecb\u6b67\u89c6\u7b2c\u4e00\u6848\u8fbe\u6210\u8c03\u89e3\u534f\u8bae\u827e\u6ecb\u611f\u67d3\u8005\u9996\u6b21\u83b7\u8d544.5\u4e07\u5143\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5236\u65e5\u62a5\u300b2013\u5e741\u670826\u65e5\u7b2c6\u7248;\u7f57\u53cc\u6c5f:\u300a\u62c9\u952f15\u6708,\u5168\u56fd\u9996\u4f8b\u6237\u7c4d\u6b67\u89c6\u6848\u8c03\u89e3\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u626c\u5b50\u665a\u62a5\u300b2014\u5e748\u67089\u65e5\u7b2cA2\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u2466\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4eba\u6743\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a2013\u5e74\u9488\u5bf9\u6211\u56fd\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5b9a\u671f\u5ba1\u67e5\u4e2d,\u8461\u8404\u7259\u3001\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u3001\u8377\u5170\u7b49\u56fd\u5efa\u8bae\u6211\u56fd\u5c06\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9a\u4e49\u5199\u5165\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6216\u8005\u8bbe\u7acb\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u3002\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u57282012\u5e74\u5c31\u6211\u56fd\u300a\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u5c65\u7ea6\u60c5\u51b5\u521d\u6b21\u62a5\u544a\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u7ed3\u8bba\u6027\u610f\u89c1\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa:\u201c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u8d5e\u626c\u7f14\u7ea6\u56fd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7981\u6b62\u57fa\u4e8e\u6b8b\u75be\u7684\u6b67\u89c6,\u4f46\u5bf9\u6b67\u89c6\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u7f3a\u5c11\u5168\u9762\u5b9a\u4e49\u611f\u5230\u5173\u5207\u2026\u2026\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u660e\u786e\u9f13\u52b1\u7f14\u7ea6\u56fd\u5bf9\u6b67\u89c6\u6b8b\u75be\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4f5c\u51fa\u6cd5\u5f8b\u754c\u5b9a,\u5e76\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u5217\u5165\u7981\u6b62\u95f4\u63a5\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u2467\u8be6\u89c1\u8521\u5b9a\u5251\u3001\u5218\u5c0f\u6960\u4e3b\u7f16:\u300a\u53cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u4e13\u5bb6\u5efa\u8bae\u7a3f\u53ca\u6d77\u5916\u7ecf\u9a8c\u300b,\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e2010\u5e74\u7248,\u7b2c11\u9875;\u55bb\u672f\u7ea2:\u300a\u53cd\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u95ee\u9898\u4e4b\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b2005\u5e74\u7b2c1\u671f\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u2468\u5218\u5c0f\u6960\u4e3b\u7f16:\u300a\u53cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u4e0e\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b,\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2011\u5e74\u7248,\u7b2c241\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000\u2469[\u7f8e]\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u00b7A.\u6ce2\u65af\u7eb3:\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u89c4\u8303\u300b,\u6c88\u660e\u8bd1,\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cd5\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2004\u5e74\u7248,\u7b2c204\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(11)\u53c2\u89c1\u5218\u6d77\u6d0b\u3001\u9648\u4e16\u519b:\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u5c31\u4e1a\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u76f8\u8c8c\u6b67\u89c6\u201d\u95ee\u9898\u7814\u7a76\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u5170\u5dde\u5b66\u520a\u300b2009\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(12)Bonnie Berry,Beauty Bias:Discrimination and Social Power,Praeger Publishers,2007,p.6.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(13) See William R.Corbett,&#8221;Hotness Discrimination:Appearance Discrimination as a Mirror for Reflecting on the Body of Employment-discrimination Law&#8221; 60 Catholic University Law Review 615,626(2011).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(14)\u738b\u5f6c\u3001\u6f58\u91d1\u6587:\u300a\u7f8e\u56fd\u7981\u6b62\u5bb9\u8c8c\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u542f\u793a\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u5987\u5973\u7814\u7a76\u8bba\u4e1b\u300b2014\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(15)\u6797\u5609\u3001\u6768\u98de:\u300a\u5b8c\u5584\u52b3\u52a8\u5c31\u4e1a\u6743\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4fdd\u969c\u7814\u7a76\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u300b2013\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(16)\u960e\u5929:\u300a\u91cd\u601d\u4e2d\u56fd\u53cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u5174\u8d77\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b2012\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(17)\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u65f6\u98de\u3001\u5510\u94a7:\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6:\u57fa\u672c\u5224\u65ad\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u6c5f\u82cf\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u300b2010\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(18)\u5982\u53d8\u6027\u8005(Transgender)\u7b49\u5373\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6027\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7fa4\u8303\u7574\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(19)\u5bf9\u975e\u4f20\u67d3\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u7684\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1\u8d75\u6587\u660e\u7b49:\u300a\u6e56\u5357\u73b0\u5168\u56fd\u9996\u4f8b\u516c\u52a1\u5458\u8003\u8bd5\u8272\u76f2\u6b67\u89c6\u6848\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5236\u65e5\u62a5\u300b2011\u5e7412\u670819\u65e5\u7b2c7\u7248;\u9ad8\u57f9\u857e\u3001\u738b\u5e1d:\u300a\u6210\u7ee9\u7b2c\u4e00,\u5374\u56e0\u9ad8\u8840\u538b\u88ab\u62d2\u8058\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9752\u5e74\u62a5\u300b2014\u5e7411\u670828\u65e5\u7b2c3\u7248;\u7eaa\u7acb\u519c:\u300a\u522b\u6b67\u89c6I\u578b\u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5\u60a3\u8005\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u5149\u660e\u65e5\u62a5\u300b2012\u5e747\u670829\u65e5\u7b2c6\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(20)\u6839\u636e\u7b14\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7edf\u8ba1,\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u6cd5\u5c42\u9762,\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u4e8e1965\u5e74\u548c1979\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u6d88\u9664\u4e00\u5207\u5f62\u5f0f\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u56fd\u9645\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u548c\u300a\u6d88\u9664\u5bf9\u5987\u5973\u4e00\u5207\u5f62\u5f0f\u6b67\u89c6\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u5c42\u9762,\u82f1\u56fd\u4e8e1965\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u79cd\u65cf\u5173\u7cfb\u6cd5\u300b(Race Relations Act of 1965),\u7981\u6b62\u57fa\u4e8e\u80a4\u8272\u3001\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u539f\u7c4d\u56fd\u7b49\u7684\u6b67\u89c6;1970\u5e74\u548c1975\u5e74\u5206\u522b\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u5e73\u7b49\u62a5\u916c\u6cd5\u300b(Equal Pay Act of 1970)\u548c\u300a\u6027\u522b\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u300b(Sex Discrimination Act of 1975);\u7f8e\u56fd1964\u5e74\u300a\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7b2c\u4e03\u7f16(Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964)\u7981\u7528\u7684\u4e94\u7c7b\u4e8b\u7531\u4e2d,\u5148\u8d4b\u4e8b\u7531\u5360\u636e\u56db\u7c7b(\u5373\u79cd\u65cf\u3001\u80a4\u8272\u3001\u539f\u7c4d\u56fd\u548c\u6027\u522b)\u30021967\u5e74,\u7f8e\u56fd\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u96c7\u4f63\u5e74\u9f84\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u300b(Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967);\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u4e8e1975\u5e74\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u300a\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u300b(Racial Discrimination Act of 1975)\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(21)McDonnell Douglas Corp.v.Green,411 U.S.792(1973).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(22)Canada(Attorney General) v.Mossop,[1993] 1 SCR 554.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(23)\u591a\u91cd\u6b67\u89c6\u4ea6\u79f0&#8221;Combined Discrimination&#8221;\u6216\u8005&#8221;Compound Discrimination&#8221;\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(24)Iyiola Solanke,&#8221;Infusing the Silos in the Equality Act 2010 with Synergy&#8221; 40 Industrial Law Journal 336,344(2011).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(25)Colleen Sheppard,Multiple Discrimination in the World of Work,International Labour Organization,2011,pp.2-3.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(26)James Hand,&#8221;Combined Discrimination-section 14 of the Equality Act 2010:A Partial and Redundant Provision?&#8221; 2 Public Law 482,483(2011).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(27)\u201c\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u201d\u4e3b\u8981\u89c1\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u6d32,\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u201c\u76f4\u63a5\u6b67\u89c6\u201d(direct discrimination)\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(28)\u5468\u4f1f:\u300a\u8bba\u7981\u6b62\u6b67\u89c6\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u73b0\u4ee3\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b2006\u5e74\u7b2c5\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(29)Teamsters v.United States,431 U.S.324(1977).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(30)Colleen Sheppard,&#8221;Mapping Anti-discrimination Law onto Inequality at Work:Expanding the Meaning of Equality in International Labour Law&#8221; 151 International Labour Review 1,4(2012).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(31)See Rebecca White,Employment Law and Employment Discrimination:Essential Terms and Concepts,Aspen Publishers Inc.,1998,p.77.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(32)Barbara T.Lindemann,Paul Grossman,Employment Discrimination Law,BNA Books:American Bar Association,Section of Labor and Employment Law,Equal Employment Opportunity Committee,2007,p.10.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(33)\u8be6\u89c1\u6df1\u5733\u5e02\u5b9d\u5b89\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2011)\u6df1\u5b9d\u6cd5\u6c11\u4e00\u521d\u5b57\u7b2c2828\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(34)\u8be6\u89c1\u676d\u5dde\u5e02\u897f\u6e56\u533a\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5~(2014)\u676d\u897f\u6c11\u521d\u5b57\u7b2c1848\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66;\u676d\u5dde\u5e02\u4e2d\u7ea7\u4eba\u6c11\u6cd5\u9662(2015)\u6d59\u676d\u6c11\u7ec8\u5b57\u7b2c101\u53f7\u6c11\u4e8b\u5224\u51b3\u4e66\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(35)Sandra Fredman,Discrimination Law,Oxford University Press,2011,p.177.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(36)\u9646\u6d77\u5a1c:\u300a\u6211\u56fd\u5bf9\u5e73\u7b49\u5c31\u4e1a\u6743\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4fdd\u62a4\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u56fd\u9645\u6cd5\u4e3a\u89c6\u89d2\u300b,\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2015\u5e74\u7248,\u7b2c14\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(37)\u201c\u533a\u522b\u5f71\u54cd\u201d\u4e3b\u8981\u89c1\u4e8e\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u3002\u5728\u6b27\u6d32,\u5bf9\u5e94\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u201c\u95f4\u63a5\u6b67\u89c6\u201d(indirect discrimination)\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(38)Barbara T.Lindemann,Paul Grossman,Employment Discrimination Law,BNA Books:American Bar Association,Section of Labor and Employment Law,Equal Employment Opportunity Committee,2007,pp.109-110.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(39)\u4e01\u6653\u4e1c:\u300a\u63a2\u5bfb\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u4e0e\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6807\u51c6\u2014\u2014\u4ece\u201c\u5dee\u522b\u6027\u5f71\u54cd\u6807\u201d\u5207\u5165\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u4e2d\u5916\u6cd5\u5b66\u300b2014\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(40)Griggs v.Duke Power Company,401 U.S.424(1971).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(41)Gabrielle S.Friedman,James Q.Whitman,&#8221;The European Transformation of Harassment Law:Discrimination versus Dignity&#8221; 9 Columbia Journal of European Law 241,241(2003).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(42)\u5468\u4f1f:\u300a\u5baa\u6cd5\u57fa\u672c\u6743\u5229:\u539f\u7406\u00b7\u89c4\u8303\u00b7\u5e94\u7528\u300b,\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248,\u7b2c81\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(43)\u5c31\u6211\u56fd\u800c\u8a00,\u6027\u522b\u9886\u57df\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u9a9a\u6270\u95ee\u9898\u65e0\u8bba\u5728\u7406\u8bba\u4e0a\u6291\u6216\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u90fd\u672a\u6d89\u53ca\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5728\u6027\u522b\u9886\u57df,\u96642012\u5e74\u300a\u6df1\u5733\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7279\u533a\u6027\u522b\u5e73\u7b49\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6761\u4f8b\u300b\u5728\u9a9a\u6270\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u91c7\u53d6\u6027\u522b\u4e2d\u7acb\u7acb\u573a,\u627f\u8ba4\u7537\u6027\u4ea6\u53ef\u6210\u4e3a\u6027\u9a9a\u6270\u5bf9\u8c61\u5916,\u300a\u5987\u5973\u6743\u76ca\u4fdd\u62a4\u6cd5\u300b\u300a\u5973\u804c\u5de5\u52b3\u52a8\u4fdd\u62a4\u7279\u522b\u89c4\u5b9a\u300b\u7b49\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6cd5\u89c4\u4ee5\u53ca\u8bf8\u591a\u5730\u65b9\u7acb\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5747\u5c06\u514d\u4e8e\u6027\u9a9a\u6270\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5973\u6027\u72ec\u4eab\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u6743\u76ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(44)\u5f20\u65b0\u5b9d\u3001\u9ad8\u71d5\u7af9:\u300a\u6027\u9a9a\u6270\u6cd5\u5f8b\u89c4\u5236\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u5bb6\u300b2006\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(45)Raymond F.Gregory,Women and Workplace Discrimination:Overcoming Barriers to Gender Equality,Rutgers University Press,2003,p.133.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(46)Lisa Waddington,Anna Lawson,Disability and Non-discrimination Law in the European Union:An Analysis of Disability Discrimination Law within and beyond the Employment Field,Publications Office of the European Union,2009,p.25.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(47)Sandra Fredman,Discrimination Law,Oxford University Press,2011,pp.216-217.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(48)International Labour Office,Equality at Work:The Continuing Challenge\u2014\u2014Global Report under the Follow-up to the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work,ILO Publications,2011,p.47.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(49)See Dallan F.Flake,&#8221;Image is Everything:Corporate Branding and Religious Accommodation in the Workplace&#8221; 163 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 699,711(2014).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(50)Ontario Human Rights Commission v.Simpsons-Sears,[1985] 2 S.C.R.536.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(51)Chac\u00f3n Navas v.Eurest Colectividades SA,Case C 13\/05.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(52)Deborah L.Brake,&#8221;Retaliation&#8221; 90 Minnesota Law Review 18,36-37(2005).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(53)\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a,\u6211\u56fd\u300a\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u300b\u7b2c101\u6761\u7981\u6b62\u7528\u4eba\u5355\u4f4d\u6253\u51fb\u62a5\u590d\u4e3e\u62a5\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5177\u5907\u4e86\u7981\u6b62\u6b67\u89c6\u6027\u62a5\u590d\u7684\u96cf\u5f62\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(54)Ilene V.Goldberg,Ira Sprotzer,&#8221;Protection from Retaliation for Workplace Discrimination Claims&#8221; 52 International Journal of Law and Management 232,235(2010).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(55)Belinda Jane Coote v.Granada Hospitality Ltd.,Case C-185\/97.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(56)\u9f50\u5ef6\u5e73\u3001\u5f20\u5f55\u8363:\u300a\u8bba\u5e73\u7b49\u96c7\u4f63\u7684\u6cd5\u7406\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5236\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u53d1\u5c55\u300b2014\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(57)\u8be6\u89c1\u300a\u6d88\u6b67\u516c\u7ea6\u300b\u7b2c1\u6761\u7b2c2\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(58)\u674e\u8587\u8587:\u300a\u53cd\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u539f\u7406\u300b,\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2012\u5e74\u7248,\u7b2c183\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(59)Evelyn Ellis,Philippa Watson,EU Anti-discrimination Law,OUP Oxford,2012,p.382.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(60)Samuel R.Bagenstos,&#8221;Employment Law and Social Equality&#8221; 112 Michigan Law Review 225,240(2013).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(61)\u8be6\u89c1\u7f8e\u56fd1964\u5e74\u300a\u6c11\u6743\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u7b2c703\u6761\u7b2c(e)\u6b3e\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(62)\u8be6\u89c1\u300a\u5c31\u4e1a\u6846\u67b6\u6307\u4ee4\u300b\u5e8f\u8a00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(63)Western Air Lines,Inc.v.Criswell,472 U.S.400(1985).\u57fa\u4e8e\u7c7b\u4f3c\u601d\u8def\u88c1\u5224\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u8fd8\u53ef\u53c2\u89c1International Union,United Automobile,Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America,UAW,et al.v.Johnson Controls,Inc.,499 U.S.187(1991).\u8be5\u6848\u4e2d,\u7f8e\u56fd\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u5426\u51b3\u96c7\u4e3b\u4ee5\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d89\u53ca\u94c5\u66b4\u9732,\u53ef\u80fd\u5f71\u54cd\u751f\u80b2\u800c\u4e0d\u96c7\u4f63\u5973\u6027\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(64)\u90e8\u5206\u56fd\u5bb6,\u5982\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5728\u201cBritish Columbia(Public Service Employee Relations Commission) v.BCGSEU\u201d\u6848\u4e4b\u540e,\u4e0d\u518d\u7ee7\u7eed\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u5f85\u548c\u533a\u522b\u5f71\u54cd\u6848\u4ef6\u3002\u4e24\u7c7b\u6848\u4ef6\u5f97\u7edf\u4e00\u9002\u7528\u771f\u5b9e\u804c\u4e1a\u8d44\u683c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6297\u8fa9\u3002See Joseph A.Seiner,&#8221;Disentangling Disparate Impact and Disparate Treatment:Adapting the Canadian Approach&#8221; 25 Yale Law &amp; Policy Review 95(2006).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(65)Hiroya Nakakubo,Takashi Araki,Catherine Barnard,New Developments in Employment Discrimination Law,Kluwer Law International,2008,p.17.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(66)Christa Tobler,Limits and Potential of the Concept of Indirect Discrimination,Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,2008,p.32.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(67)Brbel Kachelmann v.Bankhaus Hermann Lampe KG,Case C-322\/98\u3002\u56e0Bankhaus Lampe\u94f6\u884c\u517c\u804c\u96c7\u5458\u591a\u4e3a\u5973\u6027,\u6545\u88c1\u64a4\u517c\u804c\u96c7\u5458\u610f\u5473\u7740\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u5973\u6027\u5c06\u9762\u4e34\u4e0d\u5229\u540e\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(68)Erika Steinicke v.Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Arbeit,Case C-77\/02.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(69)Werner Mangold v.R\u00fcdiger Helm,Case C-144\/04.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(70)See Sandra Fredman,&#8221;Addressing Disparate Impact:Indirect Discrimination and the Public Sector Equality Duty&#8221; 43 Industrial Law Journal 349,354(2014).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(71)Loredana Napoli v.Ministero della Giustizia,Case C-595\/12.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(72)Richard L.Wiener,Steven L.Willborn,Disability and Aging Discrimination:Perspectives in Law and Psychology,Springer Science &amp; Business Media,2010,p.23.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(73)Central Alberta Dairy Pool v.Alberta(Human Rights Commission),[1990] 2 S.C.R.489.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(74)\u6556\u53cc\u7ea2:\u300a\u5e73\u7b49\u4fdd\u62a4\u8fd8\u662f\u9690\u5f62\u6b67\u89c6\u2014\u2014\u4ee5\u52b3\u52a8\u6cd5\u4e3a\u4f8b\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u6cd5\u5b66\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b2008\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(75)\u5e73\u6743\u63aa\u65bd\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u901a\u5e38\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201caffirmative action\u201d;\u7c7b\u4f3c\u63aa\u65bd\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u540d\u79f0\u662f\u201cpositive action\u201d;\u5728\u5370\u5ea6\u5219\u4e3a\u201ccompensatory discrimination\u201d\u3002\u6301\u53cd\u5bf9\u610f\u89c1\u8005\u79f0\u5176\u4e3a\u201creverse discrimination\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(76)Jane Hodges-Aeberhard,Carl Raskin,Affirmative Action in the Employment of Ethnic Minorities and Persons with Disabilities,International Labour Organization,1997,pp.30-31.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(77)Marc De Vos,Beyond formal Equality:Positive Action under Directives 2000\/43\/EC and 2000\/78\/EC,Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,2007,p.46.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(78)\u5468\u4fdd\u677e:\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u653f\u6cbb\u300b,\u751f\u6d3b\u00b7\u8bfb\u4e66\u00b7\u65b0\u77e5\u4e09\u8054\u4e66\u5e972010\u5e74\u7248,\u7b2c35-36\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(79)\u53c2\u89c1[\u7f8e]\u52a0\u91cc\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u5c14:\u300a\u6b67\u89c6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u300b,\u4e8e\u5360\u6770\u8bd1,\u5546\u52a1\u5370\u4e66\u99862014\u5e74\u7248,\u7b2c180\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(80)Nicole Busby,&#8221;Affirmative Action in Women&#8217;s Employment:Lessons from Canada&#8221; 33 Journal of Law and Society 42,45(2006).<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(81)\u674e\u8587\u8587\u3001Lisa Stearns\u4e3b\u7f16:\u300a\u7981\u6b62\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6:\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u5b9e\u8df5\u300b,\u6cd5\u5f8b\u51fa\u7248\u793e2006\u5e74\u7248,\u7b2c49\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(82)\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u6743\u5229\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a:\u300a\u7b2c20\u53f7\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u610f\u89c1:\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u6743\u5229\u65b9\u9762\u4e0d\u6b67\u89c6\u300b,E\/C.12\/GC\/20\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(83)\u6797\u71d5\u73b2\u4e3b\u7f16:\u300a\u53cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u2014\u2014\u6765\u81ea\u4e9a\u6d32\u82e5\u5e72\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u5730\u533a\u7684\u542f\u793a\u300b,\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u51fa\u7248\u793e2011\u5e74\u7248,\u7b2c18\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">\u3000\u3000(84)\u960e\u5929:\u300a\u53cd\u5c31\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u7684\u4e00\u822c\u7406\u8bba\u2014\u2014\u4e2d\u7f8e\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u5efa\u6784\u4e0e\u53cd\u601d\u300b,\u8f7d\u300a\u73af\u7403\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b2014\u5e74\u7b2c6\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u3010\u5185\u5bb9\u63d0\u8981\u3011\uff1a\u5efa\u6784\u201c\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u201d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u89e3\u51b3\u6211\u56fd\u7981\u6b62\u6b67\u89c6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u7a7a\u8f6c\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u3002\u5b9a\u4e49\u804c\u4e1a\u6b67\u89c6\u9996\u5148\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u6839 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":12537,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-6260","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-wiki"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6260","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6260"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6260\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12620"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6260"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6260"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/abc.shehuifa.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6260"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}